• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.26
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• pp.401-440
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• 1997

The purpose of this paper is to study the historical background of the development of bibliography in the Sam-Kug Period. In the Sam-Kug Period, Bibliographic civilization was due to be invented the character. The invention of script was the revolution in communication and education. It is the acceptance of confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to be influenced by the Bibliogaphy's development in this period. So it has produced a large number of student studying abroad and mission. And they were able to collect lots of books in China. It was various the way that they collected the materials. During one's stay in China as a student, they asked them give the books, or bought it at government expense. Their primary responsibility was to study and collect the classical canon, the Buddhist Sutras etc. Majority of the collected materials were classical canon and the Buddhist Sutras. And it was first copied by calligrapher and printed with the wood-block. Example, Dharani Sutra was found in the second story of Sokkatap pagoda of Pulguksa Temple in 1966. It was put inside the Pagoda when it was built in 751(in the 10th year of king Kyong-Duk). This is the worldwide cultural property of which we are proud. The collected books were annotated by learned priests and confucian scholars. An annotation of the sacred books were based on the Buddhist civilization, the art of printing and the development of bibliography. But we are unha n.0, ppy that it was reduced to ashes lots of the temples and the materials by the effect of war or fire.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 2009

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and elimination were assessed in the tissues of the clam R. philippinarum at four experimental concentrations (control, 10, 20, 100, and $200\;{\mu}g/L$) over an exposure period of 2 weeks and an elimination period of 1 week. Cd accumulated in the digestive gland, gill, and residual clam tissues, and accumulation increased with time of exposure and concentration (100 and $200\;{\mu}g/L$). After 2 weeks of Cd exposure, the order of Cd accumulation in tissues was gill > digestive gland > residual tissues. An inverse relationship was observed between concentration factor (CF) and exposure level, but the CF showed an increase with exposure time. During the depuration period, Cd concentrations in the digestive gland, gill, and residual tissues decreased immediately on the cessation of exposure, except in individuals at the $200\;{\mu}g/L$ concentration. The Cd elimination rate from tissues decreased in the order of digestive gland > gill > residual tissues during the depuration period.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 1979

Experiment was conducted to study the optimum sowing date and nursery duration at Jean An from 1976 to 1978 and their influence on the growth, dry matter production during growth period of the rice plant. In case of Tongil lines, the lengthening of nursery duration and late sowing increased unexpected heading and prolonged heading and maturing period. High yield were obtained by increasing dry matter accumulation during growth period of rice plant. To obtain safe yield in Tongil lines transplanting must be done before May 30th.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2014

Oxygen consumption (OC) of male black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegelii reared in freshwater (BFW) and seawater (BSW) during the reproductive period was $165.4{\pm}11.0$, $77.6{\pm}8.0$ mg $O_2/kg/h$ at $15^{\circ}C$, $186.2{\pm}13.1$, $133.4{\pm}6.7$ mg $O_2/kg/h$ at $20^{\circ}C$ and $267.9{\pm}19.1$, $198.6{\pm}8.3$ mg $O_2/kg/h$ at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. During the non-reproductive period, it was shown as $174.0{\pm}7.0$, $85.6{\pm}5.5$ mg $O_2/kg/h$ at $15^{\circ}C$, $200.6{\pm}11.1$, $119.2{\pm}8.7$ mg $O_2/kg/h$ at $20^{\circ}C$ and $271.1{\pm}7.5$, $194.7{\pm}16.7$ mg $O_2/kg/h$ at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Thus, OC of BFW was higher than BSW both for non-reproductive and reproductive period. Also, OC increased in proportion to the rise in water temperature, and there was no difference of OC between BFW and BSW at each water temperature during the reproductive or non-reproductive period. OC of BFW and BSW showed clear circadian rhythms on photic conditions of reproductive and non-reproductive period, and the fish consumed more oxygen during the dark phase than for the light phase. In particular, OC of BFW during the reproductive period increased more sharply compared to non-reproductive period when the increase of water temperature was accompanied by the shift from dark to light phase. This implies that they react to the light more sensitively for reproductive period than for non-reproductive period.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1212-1220
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• 2019

The study of metabolomics in natural products using the diverse analytical instruments including GC-MS, LC-MS, and NMR is useful for the exploration of physiological and biological effects and the investigation of drug discovery and health functional foods. Cordyceps militaris has been very attractive to natural medicine as a traditional Chinese medicine, due to its various bioactive properties including anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. In this study, we analyzed the metabolite profile in 50% ethanol extracts of C. militaris fruit bodies from three development periods (growth period, matured period, and aging period) using $^1H-NMR$, and identified 44 metabolites, which are classified as 16 amino acids, 10 organic acids, 5 carbohydrates, 3 nucleotide derivatives, and 10 other compounds. Among the three development periods of the C. militaris fruit body, the aging period showed significantly higher levels of metabolites including cordycepin, mannitol (cordycepic acid), and ${\beta}-glucan$. Interestingly, these bioactive metabolites are positively correlated with antitumor growth effect; the extract of the aging period showed significant inhibition of HepG2 hepatic cancer cell proliferation. These results showed that the aging period during the development of C. militaris fruit bodies was more highly enriched with bioactive metabolites that are associated with cancer cell growth inhibition.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2013

Tasmania with its clean air, isolated from mainland Australia, has been producing high-quality agricultural products and has been continually developing organic farming since 1946 when the Living Soil Association of Tasmania(LSAT) was established. The organic farming movement in Tasmania has been actively advocated through three steps: the philosophical embryonic period, the movement diffusion period and the industrialised development period. The campaigns for informing about the connection between healthy soil and life unfolded during the embryonic period. This was followed by the birth of publicity of organic farming and the certification system through the dissemination of organic farming techniques and various events related to agriculture in the diffusion period when the Organic Gardening and Farming Society(OGFS) was established in 1972. In the industrialised development period, The Organic Coalition of Tasmania (OCT) which is representative of Tasmania was organised in 2000 and has been leading the organic farming industry. The organic farming movement in Tasmania not only limits the use of artificial agricultural chemical but pursues the quality of food, environment, the health of life including all animals and plants, the issue of development in rural society, social justice, and equity in understanding. It is far more holistic in its philosophy. The output of organic food accounts for 1 % of the total amount of agricultural production and 150 certified organic farms have managed with 5,000ha of land in 2010. The supply channels for organic foods vary from farmer's market, specialty stores, supermarket chains, local store to the cooperative community. Also the consumers' behaviour for organic foods has been establishing as an alternative life style. The education of the value and role of organic farming on the environment should be enlarged for the consumption of the organic food. In addition, organising for small farmers who act individually and the link with differentiated local food have still remained issues.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.303-326
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• 2000

Only one hundred years of history in nursing education in Korea is not enough to develop the subject fully as a science. However, the development of Korean nursing education is a great historical event, because Korean nursing education has been accepted by a male-oriented Korean society and has led to a new paradigm in the new millenium. These results are largely due to the Korean people's high enthusiasm for education, as well as Korean women's diligence. I think these 100 years of history can be divided into five periods: (1) the Sunlight period (1900-1911) (2) the New born period (1912-1945) (3) the Settle-down period (1946-1960) (4) the Marked Growth period (1961-1980) (5) the Jumping Period (1981-2000) These classifications are characterized by changes in the educational system, a changed nursing curriculum, educational goals, educational outcomes, and implications. The characteristics of historical development of Korean nursing education was evaluated in three dimensions: structures, contents, and outcome. The structure of Korean nursing education consists of a 3-year program and a 4-year program. Most nursing leaders in Korea hope that these two programs will converge into one system. Secondly, the contents of nursing education in Korea underwent very active changes, according to historical development. These changes in the nursing curriculum have been developed to provide a professional education and develop nursing education as a modern science. Lastly, as to the results of nursing education in Korea, the education was needed to turn out advanced specialists in nursing. In the new millenium, knowledge and information will be the driving forces behind social development. A nation's level of development and creativity in nursing education is the most potent determinant of the future of Korean nursing. The best way to prepare for future challenges will be to create the backbone of a nursing education system. Hence, well-educated nurses in graduate programs should be turned into advanced specialists in nursing. These groups will upgrade the image of Korean nurses, and will have strong influence to improve patient care and the health situation in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.211-211
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• 2022

The marketization reform from the open-door policy in 1978 was not only booming export-oriented industries with foreign investment but also expanding the role of private actors in the Chinese water sector. Private Sector Participation (PSP) has become an important element in developing urban infrastructure by providing better services with advanced facilities. The rapid development of PSP-driven urban water infrastructure in China has a positive impacted on Chinese economic development, particularly in coastal areas. PPPs in some coastal areas have successfully spread out over China since China applied the first Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) mode in the water sector in the early 1990s. The market-oriented water and wastewater, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mechanism in the initial period of China has been transformed into a state-dominated PPP mechanism. The development pattern of the water and wastewater PPPs in China has been divided in four stages: the first period from 1984 to 2002, the second period from 2003 to 2008, the third period from 2009 to 2014, and the last period after 2015. The study aims to investigate the successful process of water and wastewater PPPs in local areas through five socioeconomic elements: export-oriented economic strategy, urbanization, cheap land policy, infrastructure investment, and water issues and climate change. In addition, the study focuses on analyzing the extent to which the Chinese government re-asserted its control over the PPP mechanism by classifying five elements in three different development Phases from early 2000 to 2020. The Jiangsu Province in the estern coastal area has actively invited PPP projects in the water and wastewater sectors. The successful introduction and rapid growth of PPPs in the urban water infrastructure has made the province an attractive area for a foreign investor.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.547-553
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• 2001

A ideal Methodology is a technology that efficiently utilize outputs of research and development (R&D). "Liquid Metal Reactor Design. Technology Development" is under development in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) as on of the Mid-Term and Long-Term Nuclear R&D by MOST. To upgrade the productivity of the R&D during long period, system type project have been accomplished within plant period through schedule management by phase, outputs auditing, sharing and constructing database.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.5 no.2 s.10
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• pp.53-68
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• 1996

This study is on the early historical background and the process of development of modern architecture in Thai, during the period from 1782(King Rama 1) to 1934(King Rama 7). Thai started tn form a connection with western nations from the late 18C, founded the Bangkok Dynasty. Since then, Thai was increasingly influenced by western civilization and this trend included an increasing influence of western architecture. In this paper, the centeral objective is to observe the architectural change during the period from King Rama 1(1782-1809) to King Rama 7(1925-1934). This can be divided into three period. During the first period, from King Rama 1 to King Rama 3(1824-1851), Thai architecture showed a tendency to follow the preceding traditional example and to imitate Chinese architecture. The second period is from King Rama 4(1851-1868) to King Rama 5(1868-1910). During this period, Thai architectural design was increasingly influenced by western concepts, specially European Neo-classicism Style. During the third period, from King Rama 6(1910-1925) to King Rama 7(1925-1934), Thu had been enjoying extensive commerce with western nations. The great developments in the field of architecture during this reign were apparent in the construction of public utilities and facilities. These buildings were designed by western architects. At this time, modern architectural concept of western was introduced.