• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2003

The periodontal diseases are infections caused by bacteria in oral biofilm, a gelatinous mat commonly called dental plaque, which is a complex microbial community that forms and adhere to tooth surfaces. Host immune-pathogen interaction in periodontal disease appears to be a complex process, which is regulated not only by the acquired immunity to deal with ever-growing and -invading microorganisms in periodontal pockets, but also by genetic and/or environmental factors. However, our understanding of the pathogenesis in human periodontal diseases is limited by the lack of specific and sensitive tools or models to study the complex microbial challenges and their interactions with the host's immune system. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology research have demonstrated the importance of the acquired immune system in fighting the virulent periodontal pathogens and in protecting the host from developing further devastating conditions in periodontal infections. The use of genetic knockout and immunodeficient mouse strains has shown that the acquired immune response, in particular, $CD4^+$ T-cells plays a pivotal role in controlling the ongoing infection, the immune/inflammatory responses, and the subsequent host's tissue destruction.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권3_spc호
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• pp.321-337
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• 2021

The global population has increased with swift urbanization in developing countries, and it is likely to result in a high demand for animal-derived protein-rich foods. Animal farming has been constantly affected by various stressful conditions, which can be categorized into physical, environmental, nutritional, and biological factors. Such conditions could be exacerbated by banning on the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter together with a pandemic situation including, but not limited to, African swine fever, avian influenza, and foot-and-mouth disease. To alleviate these pervasive tension, various immunomodulants have been suggested as alternatives for antibiotics. Various studies have investigated how stressors (i.e., imbalanced nutrition, dysbiosis, and disease) could negatively affect nutritional physiology in chickens. Importantly, the immune system is critical for host protective activity against pathogens, but at the same time excessive immune responses negatively affect its productivity. Yet, comprehensive review articles addressing the impact of such stress factors on the immune system of chickens are scarce. In this review, we categorize these stressors and their effects on the immune system of chickens and attempt to provide immunomodulants which can be a solution to the aforementioned problems facing the chicken industry.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.327-343
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a standard tool for identifying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patterns. Methods: Textbooks, published literature, and references with comments on patterns were reviewed. Using the Delphi method, we determined pattern identification based on the advice of a committee consisting of 11 Korean respiratory internal medicine professors. Results: Four pattern identifications were selected by the Delphi method: qi difficiency (氣虛), yin difficiency (陰虛), phlegm dampness (痰飮), blood stasis (瘀血). The tool was developed in a question-and-answer format containing 38 questions. Conclusions: An IPF pattern identification tool that can analyze IPF patterns for standardized diagnostics was developed with the consent of experts. Further research is needed on its reliability.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2023년도 임시총회 및 춘계학술대회
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• pp.45-45
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• 2023

Autophagy contributes to enhancing the immune system (innate and adaptive immune system) against foreign pathogens. Autophagy of macrophages is used as a major indicator for developing vaccine adjuvants to increase the adaptive immune response. In this study, RAL increased the production of immunostimulatory mediators and phagocytotic activity in RAW264.7 cells. RAL increased p62/SQSTM1 expression. Inhibition of TLR4, JNK, and PI3K/AKT blocked RAL-mediated increase of p62/SQSTM1. RAL activated JNK and PI3K/AKT signaling. RAL-mediated activation of JNK and PI3K/AKT signaling was reversed by TLR4 inhibition. Taken together, it is believed that RAL-mediated autophagy may be dependent on activating via TLR4-dependent activation of JNK and PI3K/AKT signaling in macrophages.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권12호
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• pp.1165-1172
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• 2007

Self/non-self discrimination and unresponsiveness to self is the fundamental properties of the immune system. Self-tolerance is a state in which the individual is incapable of developing an immune response to an individual's own antigens and it underlies the ability to remain tolerant of individual's own tissue components. Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the tolerant state. They can be broadly classified into two groups: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Several mechanisms exist, some of which are shared between T cells and B cells. In central tolerance, the recognition of self-antigen by lymphocytes in bone marrow or thymus during development is required, resulting in receptor editing (revision), clonal deletion, anergy or generation of regulatory T cells. Not all self-reactive B or T cells are centrally purged from the repertoire. Additional mechanisms of peripheral tolerance are required, such as anergy, suppression, deletion or clonal ignorance. Tolerance is antigen specific. Generating and maintaining the self-tolerance for T cells and B cells are complex. Failure of self-tolerance results in immune responses against self-antigens. Such reactions are called autoimmunity and may give rise to autoimmune diseases. Development of autoimmune disease is affected by properties of the genes of the individual and the environment, both infectious and non-infectious. The host's genes affect its susceptibility to autoimmunity and the environmental factors promote the activation of self-reactive lymphocytes, developing the autoimmunity. The changes in participating antigens (epitope spreading), cells, cytokines or other inflammatory mediators contribute to the progress from initial activation to a chronic state of autoimmune diseases.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.211-216
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• 2001

Drugs can have various adverse effects on the immune system including unintended immun-osuppression, induction of both drug-specific immune responses (including drug allergies) and non-specific immunostimulation (including autoimmune reactions), and direct activation of effector mechanisms (such as histamine release). As a practical matter, the Center for Drug Evaluation (CDER) relies on standard non-clinical toxicology studies to detect unintended immunosuppression. Specific assays using guinea pigs and mice are available to identify drugs that can induce immune-mediated dermal hypersensitivity reactions. Respiratory and systemic hypersensitivity and autoimmune reactions are more difficult to model in non-clinical studies. Unintended nonspecific immunstimulation can be detected in animal studies. CDER is currently developing specific guidance for evaluating potential drug immunotoxicity.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 생체의 면역계에서 중요한 역할을 하는 세포독성 T세포의 생성과정의 하나인 긍정 선택(positive selection)과 부정 선택(negative selection)을 모델링하였다. 그리고 침입에 의한 데이터 변경과 바이러스에 의한 데이터 감염 등을 탐지할 때 가장 중요한 요소인 변경 검사 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 제안된 방법은 자기를 인식하는 MHC 인식부와 비자기를 인식하는 항원 인식부를 생성하는 알고리즘이다. 따라서 제안한 방법은 실제 면역세포와 마찬가지로 자신과 침입자 모두에 대한 인식기를 가지고 변경을 탐지하게 된다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 자기파일의 국소가 변경되었을 때와 블록이 변경되었을 때에 대하여 두 가지 방법을 이용한 변경 검사 알고리즘의 특성과 유효성을 밝힌다

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2009

정보시스템에 대한 이용이 늘어남에 따라 소프트웨어 개발 요구와 개발 비용이 증가하게 되었다. 기존에는 통계적 알고리즘 기반의 회귀분석을 이용하여 소프트웨어 개발비용을 산정하였으나 오늘날은 기계학습 방법들이 많이 연구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기계학습 기술의 하나인 SVR를 사용하여 소프트웨어 비용을 산정하였고, 이 때 SVR에서 사용하는 파라미터들의 최적 조합을 면역계의 동작원리를 적용한 면역 알고리즘을 적용하여 최적 조합을 찾았다. 소프트웨어 비용산정을 위해 세대수, 기억세포수, 대립유전자수를 변경해 가면서 면역 알고리즘 기반의 SVR을 적용하였고, 그 실험 결과를 기존 연구된 다른 기계학습 방법과 비교 분석하였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2016

Due to the increasing prevalence and number of life-threatening cases, food allergy has emerged as a major health concern. The classic immune response seen during food allergy is allergen-specific IgE sensitization and hypersensitivity reactions to foods occur in the effector phase with often severe and deleterious outcomes. Recent research has advanced understanding of the immunological mechanisms occurring during the effector phase of allergic reactions to ingested food. Therefore, this review will not only cover the mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract and the immunological mechanisms underlying IgE-mediated food allergy, but will also introduce cells recently identified to have a role in the hypersensitivity reaction to food allergens. These include IL-9 producing mucosal mast cells (MMC9s) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The involvement of these cell types in potentiating the type 2 immune response and developing the anaphylactic response to food allergens will be discussed. In addition, it has become apparent that there is a collaboration between these cells that contributes to an individual's susceptibility to IgE-mediated food allergy.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2005

Cancer vaccine is an active immunotherapy to stimulate the immune system to mount a response against the tumor specific antigen. Working as a stimulant to the body's own immune system, cancer vaccines help the body recognize and destroy targeted cancers and may help to shrink advanced tumors. Research is currently underway to develop therapeutic cancer vaccines. It is also possible to develop prophylactic vaccines in the future. The whole cell approach to eradicate cancer has used whole cancer cells to make vaccine. In an early stage of this approach, whole cell lysate or a mixture of immunoadjuvant and inactivated cancer cells has been used. Improved vaccines are being developed that utilize cytokines or costimulatory molecules to mount an attack against cancer cells. In case of melanoma, these vaccines are expected to have a therapeutic effect of vaccine. Furthermore, it is attempting to treat stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. Other vaccines are being developing that are peptide vaccine, recombinant vaccine and dendritic cell vaccine. Out of them, reintroduction of antigen-specific dendritic cells into patient and DNA vaccine are mostly being conducted. Currently, research and development efforts are underway to develop therapeutic cancer vaccine such as DNA vaccine for the treatment of multiple forms of cancers.