• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.681-697
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• 2015

Iran as one of the countries located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt has recently experienced a few number of catastrophic earthquakes. A well-known index of how buildings are affected by earthquakes is through assessment of probable Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and structures' response spectra. In this research, active faults around Kerman and Birjand, two major cities in eastern parts of Iran, have been considered. Seismic catalogues are gathered to categorize effects of surrounding faults on seismicity of the region. These catalogues were further refined with respect to time and space based on Knopoff-Gardner algorithm in order to increase statistical independency of events. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has been estimated for each of cities regarding 50, 100, 200 and 500 years of structures' effective life-span. These results subsequently have been compared with Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA). It has been observed that DSHA not necessarily suggests upper bound of PSHA results. Furthermore, based on spectral Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS) and spectral acceleration were provided for 2% and 10% levels of probability of exceedance. The results show that increasing source-to-site distance leads to spectral acceleration reduction regarding each fault. In addition, the spectral acceleration rate of variation would increase if the source-to-site distance decreases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

Models of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are still difficult to grasp from the view of a Western-cultural background. For proper integration into science and clinical research, it is vital to think "out of the box" of classical sciences. Modern sciences, such as quantum physics, system theory, and information theory offer new models, that reveal TCM as a method to process information. For this purpose, we apply concepts of information theory to propose a "Chinese black box model," that allows for a non-deterministic, bottom-up approach. Considering a patient as an undeterminable complex system, the process of getting information about an individual in Chinese diagnostics is compared to the input-process-output principle of information theory and quantum physics, which is further illustrated by Wheeler's "surprise 20 questions." In TCM, an observer uses a decision-making algorithm to qualify diagnostic information by the binary polarities of "yang" (latin activity) and "yin" (latin structivity) according to the so called "8 principles" (latin 8 guiding criteria). A systematic reconstruction of ancient Chinese terms and concepts illuminates a scattered scientific method, which is specified in a medical context by Latin terminology of the sinologist Porkert [definitions of the Latin terms are presented in Porkert's appendix [1] (cf. Limitations)].

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• 제73권11호
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• pp.1774-1786
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• 2018

Phenotypic variation among clones (individuals with identical genes, i.e. isogenic individuals) has been recognized both theoretically and experimentally. We investigate the effects of phenotypic variation on evolutionary dynamics of a population. In a population, the individuals are assumed to be haploid with two genotypes : one genotype shows phenotypic variation and the other does not. We use an individual-based Moran model in which the individuals reproduce according to their fitness values and die at random. The evolutionary dynamics of an individual-based model is formulated in terms of a master equation and is approximated as the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) and the coupled non-linear stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with multiplicative noise. We first analyze the deterministic part of the SDEs to obtain the fixed points and determine the stability of each fixed point. We find that there is a discrete phase transition in the population distribution when the probability of reproducing the fitter individual is equal to the critical value determined by the stability of the fixed points. Next, we take demographic stochasticity into account and analyze the FPE by eliminating the fast variable to reduce the coupled two-variable FPE to the single-variable FPE. We derive a quasi-stationary distribution of the reduced FPE and predict the fixation probabilities and the mean fixation times to absorbing states. We also carry out numerical simulations in the form of the Gillespie algorithm and find that the results of simulations are consistent with the analytic predictions.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2021

Routing protocols play a pivotal role in the energy management and lifespan of any Wireless Sensor Network. Lower network lifetime has been one of the biggest concerns in LEACH protocol due to dead nodes. The LEACH protocol suffers from uneven energy distribution problem due to random selection of a cluster head. The cluster head has much greater responsibility compared to other non- cluster head nodes and consumes greater energy for its roles. This results in early dead nodes due to energy lost for the role of cluster- head. This study proposes an approach to balance the energy consumption of the LEACH protocol by using a semi-deterministic opportunity coefficient to select the cluster head. This is calculated in each node with the battery energy level and node ID. Ultimately, based on the opportunity cost, cluster head will be selected and broadcasted for which other nodes with higher opportunity cost will agree. It minimizes the chances of nodes with lower battery level being elected as cluster head. Our simulation experiments demonstrate that cluster heads chosen using our proposed algorithm perform better than those using the legacy LEACH protocol.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.597-609
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• 2023

One of the applicable methods for the stabilization of soil walls is the nailing system which consists of tensile struts. The stability and safety of soil nail wall systems are influenced by the geometrical parameters of the nailing system. Generally, the determination of nailing parameters in order to achieve optimal performance of the nailing system for the safety of soil walls is defined in the framework of optimization problems. Also, according to the various uncertainty in the mechanical parameters of soil structures, it is necessary to evaluate the reliability of the system as a probabilistic problem. In this paper, the optimal design of the nailing system is carried out in deterministic and probabilistic cases using meta-heuristic and reliability-based design optimization methods. The colliding body optimization algorithm and first-order reliability method are used for optimization and reliability analysis problems, respectively. The objective function is defined based on the total cost of nails and safety factors and reliability index are selected as constraints. The mechanical properties of the nailing system are selected as design variables and the mechanical properties of the soil are selected as random variables. The results show that the reliability of the optimally designed soil nail system is very sensitive to uncertainty in soil mechanical parameters. Also, the design results are affected by uncertainties in soil mechanical parameters due to the values of safety factors. Reliability-based design optimization results show that a nailing system can be designed for the expected level of reliability and failure probability.

• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.179-190
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• 2016

A kind of modified epoxy resin sheet molding compounds of the impeller has been designed. Through the test, the non-metal impeller has a better environmental aging performance, but must do the waterproof processing design. In order to improve the stability of the impeller vibration design, the influence of uncertainty factors is considered, and a multi-objective robust optimization method is proposed to reduce the weight of the impeller. Firstly, based on the fluid-structure interaction, the analysis model of the impeller vibration is constructed. Secondly, the optimal approximate model of the impeller is constructed by using the Latin hypercube and radial basis function, and the fitting and optimization accuracy of the approximate model is improved by increasing the sample points. Finally, the micro multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to the robust optimization of approximate model, and the Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sampling techniques are used for reliability analysis. By comparing the results of the deterministic, different sigma levels and different materials, the multi-objective optimization of the SMC molding impeller can meet the requirements of engineering stability and lightweight. And the effectiveness of the proposed multi-objective robust optimization method is verified by the error analysis. After the SMC molding and the robust optimization of the impeller, the optimized rate reached 42.5%, which greatly improved the economic benefit, and greatly reduce the vibration of the ventilation system.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 구간통행시간과 같은 링크의 속성정보를 수집 가능한 검지체계를 구간검지체계로 정의하여 이러한 검지체계를 기반으로 실시간 신호제어 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 신호제어를 위한 변수는 공간적 개념을 가지는 대기행렬길이를 제안하였다. 개별차량에 대해 검지기 통과 시 차량의 ID와 통과시각이 수집 가능한 DSRC와 같은 기술을 이용하여 링크 통행시간을 수집하며, 한 주기 동안 수집된 개별차량 통행시간은 지체를 경험한 차량과 그렇지 않은 차량으로 구분된다. 이를 이용하여 대기행렬 해소시간을 산출가능하며, 결정적 지체모형을 기반으로 주기별 최대대기행렬을 산출하였다. 실시간 신호제어의 목표는 접근로별 대기행렬의 균형화로서 각 접근로의 대기행렬이 사전에 정의된 임계대기행렬을 초과하지 않는 범위에서의 균등화될 수 있도록 대기행렬의 비율에 따라 신호시간을 배분하는 방법을 이용하였다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2003

본 연구는 공공건설 공사에 실적자료에 의한 공사비산정 방법의 전산화 적용을 목적으로 먼저 실적공사비의 정의 및 구조와 현행 실적공사비 운영체계 이해를 통해 전산화의 문제점 및 개선기준을 공사비 산정방법 중심으로 분석 기술하였으며 제안한 기준에 따라 전산화 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 기존 예정공사비 산정방법은 일반적인 공종별 분류에 따른 실적자료조건과 단순히 물가지수, 연면적규모에 따른 시공단가를 적용함으로서 공사비산정의 정확성이 요구되며, 본 연구는 이에 대한 개선 안으로 부위와 부분별 공종분류 방식에 의한 데이터 추출조건으로 실적자료의 적용성과 신뢰성을 높였다. 또한 물량규모에 의한 공사비 변동요인을 물량규모 대비 단가의 확률적 회귀분석으로 예측 추정하여 실행 가능한 적정 공사비 산정방법을 제시하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전산화 적용 방안으로 확률적 예정공사비산정방법을 기준으로 시스템 프로세스를 각 영역별로 구축하고 그에 따른 윈도우 어플리케이션 활용 툴과 개별 전산화에 대한 알고리즘을 구축하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2009년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.810-815
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• 2009

오늘날의 핸드폰, PMP, 지능형 가정기기, 자동차 엔진 컨트롤 시스템과 같은 내장형 시스템은 인간의 삶과 일, 놀이 등 살아가는 환경에 대한 전환을 가져오고 있다. 이에 따라, 내장형 시스템 응용들의 복잡성이 증가하고 있으며, 그런 내장형 컴퓨팅 플랫폼에는 시간결정성을 갖는 실시간 운영체제를 사용해야 한다. 이런 실시간 운영체제들은 예측 가능한 서비스들 뿐만 아니라 작은 실행 이미지 크기를 가져야만 하고, 커널 서비스들은 각 서비스 수행에 얼마만큼의 시간이 소요되는지를 명세하여 시간결정적 이어야만 한다. 이런 정보를 토대로, 응용 개발자들은 각 태스크가 마감시간을 준수하도록 하는 실시간 응용 소프트웨어를 설계할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 2r 레벨의 우선순위를 갖는 태스크들 중 최상위 우선 순위를 결정하는데 있어 고정 상수시간을 보장하는 다차원 기법의 실시간 태스크 스케줄링 알고리즘을 기술한다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1167-1175
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• 2010

This paper presents the use of the inertial measurement unit information and the infrared sector information for getting the position of an object. Travel distance is usually calculated from the double integration of the accelerometer output with respect to time; however, the accumulated errors due to the drift are inevitable. The orientation change of the accelerometer also causes error because the gravity is added to the measured acceleration. Unless three axis orientations are completely identified, the accelerometer alone does not provide correct acceleration for estimating the travel distance. We propose a way of minimizing the error due to the change of the orientation. In order to reduce the accumulated error, the infrared sector information is fused with the inertial measurement unit information. Infrared sector information has highly deterministic characteristics, different from RFID. By putting several infrared emitters on the ceiling, the floor is divided into many different sectors and each sector is set to have a unique identification. Infrared light based sector information tells the sector the object is in, but the size of the uncertainty is too large if only the sector information is used. This paper presents an algorithm which combines both the inertial measurement unit information and the sector information so that the size of the uncertainty becomes smaller. It also introduces a framework which can be used with other types of the artificial landmarks. The characteristics of the developed infrared light based sector and the proposed algorithm are verified from the experiments.