• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.334-339
• /
• 1987

Enzymatic conversion of pyruvic acid produced by microorganism to tryptophan was investigated. A luminescent bacteria. Beneckea sp., was used for the production of pyruvic acid. As a source of tryptophanase which synthesizes tryptophan from pyruvic acid, indole and ammonia, whole cells of Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 10031 were used directly in the reaction mixture. To increase the production of tryptophan, nonionic detergents and nonaqeous organic solvents were used ms reserviors of indole in the reaction mixture. In the case of nonionic detergents, TritonX-100 was very effective. When 1.5% of Triton X-100 was used, 7.7g/$\ell$ of tryptophan was produced at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 48hr. In the case of nonaqueous solvents, 8.7g/$\ell$ of tryptophan was produced at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr, when 10% of benzene was used. This amount of tryptophan corresponds to conversion of 48% of Indole and 36% of pyruvic acid, respectively.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2008

Black garments can lose color, image, and be the main cause of color staining when washed with other laundry that can cause color contamination from interaction with other garments. To know the fiber-based dye fastness for colored garments, 4-5 pieces of various fibers of different fabrics were selected; cotton, linen, wool, silk, rayon, acetate, polyester, and nylon. To determine the colorfastness to washing and crocking, the black fabrics were washed with alkali and neutral detergents under the Laund-O-Meter method under the Crockmeter method. In an alkali detergent laundering conditions, most colored samples did not undergo color or light fastness. However, most of the stained fabrics slightly changed in K/S values while other samples underwent severe changes. With neutral detergent laundering, sample fabrics underwent less shrinking, and had less naps. The stained fabrics also underwent less change in K/S values. With time-repeatedly-washing the original sample went through colorfastness to lose color. In crocking fastness, most samples produced good to excellent results under dry conditions but produced relatively low crocking fastness under wet conditions. Natural fibers especially showed lower crocking fastness than artificial fibers. In conclusion, garments of the same color should be laundered together. The black garments that are washed using neutral detergents can decrease the amount of damage from color change. While it is the responsibility of garment producers to provide appropriate quality indications they should also provide adequate instructions for consumers to understand and appropriately cope with the quality indications in order to contribute to establishing a correct laundering method.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 2010

The object of this research is to conform of practicable possibility and recycling of producing junk after citrus fruits is processed. With extracting d-limonene oil that have 70~90% a component of oil out of junk citrus peel, making certain the about 12000ppm concentration of it. Limonene derived from citrus in jeju using conventional synthetic detergents can be replaced with the development of environmentally friendly natural detergent investigated the possibility. Mostly due to ocean dumping, disposal and cause environmental problems by recycling natural citrus cleaner alternative to the research conducted on the possibility. Cleaning efficiency with temperature did not affect the largest concentrations were able to identify the difference between cleaning efficiency. At least 10% of the d-limonene oil could be from the cleaning performance, increasing the concentration of the cleaning efficiency was increased in size. Ultrasonic is very high removal efficiency under the conditions shown in the cause of pure self-generated ultrasonic cleaning power as co-effects of d-limonene oil appears to chemical cleaning effect of ultrasonic cavitation occurs in the physical cleaning effect due to a combination of synergistic stability is maximized by low concentrations of d-limonene oil in a short time showed an excellent cleaning ability. Having the ability of cleaning at the same time, considering the side recycling in the junk citrus peels reflects possibility of basic materials utility eco-friendly in the skin soap, bath soap, cosmetics etc, through ability of exclusion a contaminant in based cleaning effect(EC) it can prospect substitution effect environmentally in the pre existence synthetic detergents.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.126-133
• /
• 2009

The surfactants applied in household detergents and industrial cleansers should satisfy the requirement of not just the basic function such as emulsification, solubilisation, dispersion, detergency, wetting and foaming, but also the economical efficiency and the safety to human and environment. In the viewpoint of the sustainable development, the surfactants, moreover, have to reduce raw materials and energy consumption and waste disposal when they are being manufactured and also consumed for their purposes. New high-performance surfactants have been extensively studied and developed in order to respond the change in social and economical environment. Noticeable progresses have been achieved so far, which are the significant increase in solubility and surface activity through the minor modification of existing surfactant molecular structure and the synergistic increase in a surface activity shown in the mixed surfactant system of anionic and cationic surfactants. In this review, the important and meaningful progresses achieved recently in technological advance and practical application will be summarized and discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1981

The effect of fatty acid content in oily soil and conditions of washing on the removal of triglyceride have been studied. Cotton lawn was soiled with the four-component soil-tripalmitin, palmitic acid, dodecyl alcohol and dodecane-and washed in constant temperature waterbath shaker. The detergency was estimated by analysis of triglyceride labelled carbon-14 on fabrics before and after washing by means of liquid scintillation counting. It was shown that the detergency of triglyceride washed with the nonionic, nonylphenol poly (10)-ethylene oxide and soap was increased steadily with increasing temperature, whereas with the anionics Na-DBS and SLS, the detergency was rather decreased when the temperature was elevated above $40^{\circ}C$. To investigate the effects of free fatty acid content in soil on the removal of triglyceride, the fabrics were soiled altering palmitic acid content, and then washed. From the results, the detergency of triglyceride was developed with increasing free fatty acid content. With soils containing less than $30\%$ of free fatty acid, of the three detergents tested, the nonionic was by far the most effective soil removal. Soap was intermediate and the synthetic anionic was the poorest. With soil containing $45\%$ of free fatty acid, soap was the most effective soil removal. When NaOH was added to detergent solution. the detergency of triglyceride was improved without regard to detergents. The optimum alkalinity was obtained according to free fatty acid content. And the alkalinity changed to low NaOH concentration with increasing free fatty acid content. From the results mentioned above, it could be concluded that the major removal mechanisms of triglyceride containing oily soil were mesomorphic phase formation, solubilization and soap forma-tion when alkali was added in detergent solution.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2006

Biological enhanced treatment and send filtration are established being operated to remove nutrients and MBAS(Methylene Blue Activate Substance) in the most of Waste Water Treatment Plant(WWTP) in Korea. However, untreated synthetic detergents and nutrients which directly run into the water system present an unpleasant view because of the foam, taste and odor generating filamentous periphytic algae and interrupting self-purification in the stream. Therefore, this research was enforced to know the MBAS removal efficiency of the sand filtration about G WWTP which reuses effluent as urban stream management water. As a result, the maximum removal efficiency using sand filtration was 63% after 24 hours and particularly 30% after 2 or 4 hours which turned out to be not that effective. In conclusion, It is recognized that other methods of MBAS removal and a research will be needed which reuse effluent as urban stream management water from now on. Because the MBAS removal with sand filtration is insufficient with economical efficiency from the fact that it needs long hours for a sand filtration treatment and the removal efficiency was almost below the expectation.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.260-267
• /
• 2021

In this study, a carboxylate-based anionic surfactant SLEC-3 was prepared from coconut oil and the structure was elucidated by using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR analysis. Measurements of interfacial properties such as critical micelle concentration, static and dynamic surface tensions, emulsification index, and foam stability have shown that SLEC-3 is better in terms of interfacial activity and more effective in lowering interfacial free energy than those of SLES, which has been widely used as a conventional anionic surfactant in the detergent industry. Biodegradability, acute oral toxicity and dermal irritation tests also revealed that SLEC-3 surfactant possesses excellent mildness and low toxicity, indicating the potential applicability in detergents and cleaner products formulation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.562-567
• /
• 2021

To develop an antibacterial tempered glass for applications to various building facilities and household products, the antibacterial activity of domestic materials was investigated, and a tempered glass sample was produced with silver, copper, and zinc, having an antibacterial activity of 99% or more at a specific concentration. The measured antibacterial activity of the samples, in which silver, copper, and zinc were dispersed in ethylene glycol + glycerol, was more than 99%. Measurements of the thickness of the coated metal material by washing using a surface analyzer showed that the thickness decreased by less than 1% in various types of detergents, including water, but only approximately 10% in the alkaline detergents. To check the human safety of the samples, a cytotoxicity test was performed through an MTT assay; the samples showed no cytotoxicity. Finally, a Live/Dead kit or film adhesion method showed that the antibacterial activity of the prototype was more than 99%. Therefore, the high-functional antibacterial effect of tempered glass was developed using domestic materials and may be used in various products in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.7
• /
• pp.826-832
• /
• 2015

This study describes the effects of activated charcoal on the removal of salts, detergents, and pigments from protein extracts of ginseng leaves and roots. Incubation of protein extracts with 5% (w/v) activated charcoal (100-400 mesh) for 30 min at 4℃ almost removed the salts and detergents including NP-40 as can be observed on SDS-PAGE. In addition, analysis of chlorophyll content showed significant depletion of chlorophyll (~33%) after activated charcoal treatment, suggesting potential effect of activated charcoal on removal of pigments too along with the salts and detergents. 2-DE analysis of activated charcoal treated protein samples showed better resolution of proteins, further indicating the efficacy of activated charcoal in clearing of protein samples. In case of root proteins, although not major differences were observed on SDS-PAGE, 2-DE gels showed better resolution of spots after charcoal treatment. In addition, both Hierarchical clustering (HCL) and Principle component analysis (PCA) clearly separated acetone sample from rest of the samples. Phenol and AC-phenol samples almost overlapped each other suggesting no major differences between these samples. Overall, these results showed that activated charcoal can be used in a simple manner to remove the salts, detergents and pigments from the protein extracts of various plant tissues.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.497-500
• /
• 1998

A new strain of Bacillus capable of growing upto pH 11 was isolated from a local pond polluted with detergents. This strain elicited unimpaired growth in media supplemented with heavy metals such as As, Cu, Cd, Hg, Ni and Zn. A MIC value of 200, 3, 1.60, 2.25, 7.50 and 3.70 mM was noticed for As, Cu, Cd, Hg, Ni and Zn respectively. Analysis of total DNA revealed the presence of a plasmid of 26 kb. This plasmid was lost by acriflavine treatment to the cultures. Such cured strains were found sensitive to heavy metals. Our findings suggest that incidence of heavy metal resistance is widely distributed and resistant strains could be isolated from heavy metal unpolluted sites.