• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.109-123
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• 2018

Emotional labor is now emphasized as a very important concept not only for private companies but also for public servants who perform public affairs in public institutions, but relatively theoretical research is lacking. The purpose of this study is to examine the negative effects of the surface acting on emotional labor and to examine the moderating effect of social support to reduce it. As for the social support, we distinguished between POS support and supervisor support. Furthermore, we found that any support among POS and supervisor support has a large effect on the relationship between surface acting and emotional exhaustion. In order to verify this research model and hypothesis, we conducted 250 employees who perform civil affairs in public institutions. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, it was found that surface acting had a very significant effect on emotional exhaustion. The increase in emotional exhaustion due to the incongruity between inner emotions and display emotions appeared to be the same as the results of research on existing private companies. Second, both POS and supervisor support significantly reduce the relationship between surface acting and emotional exhaustion. Third, the moderating effect of POS and supervisor support showed that the control effect of superiors' support was stronger, so that the surface act reduced the influence of emotional exhaustion more strongly. The results of this study refer to the importance of emotional labor education for civil servants performing civil affairs. In addition, it suggests that various programs should be provided to relieve emotional exhaustion and stress of civil service officials. In addition, it suggests a more aggressive organizational support design for high-level POS.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2019

Purpose - Many companies use the Internet to conduct their business to maintain and acquire their customers. SNS is used as a site where users can create profiles, build personal networks, and then share and exchange information with others. Not only do people use SNS for their self-promotion, but they also promote their services by creating SNS pages. SNS is recognized as a medium for implementing effective advertising strategies and is being used as an important means of promoting the company. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effect of SNS marketing characteristics of restaurant franchise firms on utilitarian value and hedonic value and examine their effects on purchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected from 20s-60s respondents who have used SNS for restaurant visit using Google survey. A total of 159 responses were collected and used for final analysis. Smart PLS 3.0 was used for the hypothesis test. Results - As a result of an analysis, it was shown that the influence of the playfulness and affordability of information on the utilitarian value had a significant positive effect. Interaction and up-to-date did not have a positive effect on utilitarian value. Interaction, affordability, and up-to-date have no significant positive effects on hedonic value. The playfulness of information has a positive effect on the hedonic value. Both utilitarian value and hedonic value had positive effects on purchase intention. Conclusions - The findings of this study suggest that the SNS marketers of restaurant franchisors should focus on the playfulness, affordability, and up-to-date rather than the interactivity of SNS. In marketing through SNS, the act of presenting the basis of information and enhancing the provision of information through objective criteria makes it possible to experience the practical value of information. It is necessary to develop differentiated contents which cause customers interest and fun and to induce many customers' purchase intent by providing objective and realistic information. In order to increase the customers' repurchase intentions toward the food service business, customers should maximize the hedonic value and practical value felt through information. It should also focus on providing information that customers are receptive to, rather than providing prompt information.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.913-926
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• 2022

As information is recognized as a core competency of organizations, organizations are increasingly investing in policies and technologies for information security(IS). Recently, as information exposure accidents by people have occurred continuously, interest in IS behaviors of organization insiders is increasing. This study aims to confirm the effect of the IS environment and support structure established by the organization on the intention of individuals to comply with IS. We conducted a survey of employees in organizations with IS policies and tested the hypothesis using the structural equation of AMOS 22.0 and Process 3.1 using 421 samples. As a result of the analysis, authentic leadership and justice climate, which are factors that build an IS environment, and communication and feedback, which are factors supporting IS compliance, have a positive effect on employees' compliance intention. In addition, authentic leadership, punishment, communication, and feedback were found to reinforce the positive impact of IS justice climate. As the study suggested the overall structural design direction to be pursued to reinforce insider's IS behavior, and the results help to achieve the IS goal.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 2022

Purpose: With the development of the Internet, consumers can quickly access the electronic word-of-mouth. Consumers seek to reduce uncertainty by referring to the opinions of other consumers about products and services when making purchase decisions. In the food service industry, evaluating a restaurant before an actual visitation is difficult. Therefore, electronic word-of-mouth is important to interact with the customer in restaurants. as it can be used as an exchange of information in which consumers participate and interact with other customers. This study was conducted to verify how online word-of-mouth characteristics (Consensus, Vividness, Neutrality) on attitudes and visit intention from the perspective of social exchange theory. And it was performed to verify the structural relationship between short-term visit intention, mid-term visit and long-term visit intention. Research design, data, and methodology: A survey was conducted on customers who have visited restaurants. Of a total of 312 responses, 306 responses were used, excluding insincere responses and missing values for factors analysis. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 were used for statistical analysis, and hypothesis testing was conducted after verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items. Result: The result of the analysis showed that, consensus and neutrality have a positive effect on attitude but not much on vividness. In addition, consensus, vividness, and neutrality have no effect on the short-term visit intention. Finally, the short-term visit intention has a positive effect on mid-term visit intention, and mid-term visit intention has a positive effect on long-term visit intention. Conclusions: Based on the results, this study suggested that it is necessary to have practical implications for marketing and monitoring restaurant reviews in consideration of the characteristics of electronic word-of-mouth. When managing electronic-word-of-mouth, it is necessary to manage the consensus and neutrality is essential to provide sufficient information about the restaurant. The focus should not only be on vividness, such as photos and videos. In addition, restaurants should also provide a good experience for first-time visitors as the short-term visit intention positively affects mid-term and long-term visit intention.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.33-51
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• 2022

Purpose: The online market is growing the most in history due to the expansion of non-face-to-face commerce. In addition, as consumers' interest in health, food safety, and environment increases, interest in and consumption of eco-friendly agricultural products is also increasing. Therefore, in the case of a specialty store that sells eco-friendly organic agricultural products, a marketing strategy that can increase customer loyalty by reflecting these consumer needs is necessary. In this study, the store attributes of eco-friendly food stores are classified into location, assortment, price, quality, and employee service, and the effect of each store attribute on utilitarian and hedonic value is investigated. Research design, data, and methodology: The subjects of this study were customers who visited an eco-friendly food store. Of the 511 survey responses, 311 were used for statistical verification, excluding 200 who had not visited within the last 3 months. For statistical analysis, Smart PLS 3.0 was used, and after checking the validity and reliability of the items, hypothesis testing was performed. Result: As a result of the study, it was found that assortment, quality, and employee service among store attributes had a positive (+) effect on utilitarian and hedonic value. Second, location had no significant effect on utilitarian and hedonic value. Third, price did not appear to have a positive (+) effect on the utilitarian value, and it was found to have a positive (+) effect on the hedonic value. Fourth, It was investigated whether the presence or absence of delivery service had an effect on store attributes between utilitarian and hedonic value, and it was found that there was a significant effect between employee service and hedonic value. Conclusions: Among eco-friendly food store environment management will be required in order to provide food that meets the tastes and needs of consumers by diversifying the taste, standard, and quality grade of food, and to maintain or improve the quality. In order to unlike other stores, eco-friendly food stores have high price resistance from the point of view of consumers, so it is necessary to diversify promotional media such as YouTube and SNS to raise awareness of eco-friendly organic food.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.56-75
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• 2022

Purpose - This study examines the influencing factors of China's cross-border e-commerce exports in the context of the current situation and trends of China's cross-border e-commerce development. Through an improved trade gravity model, it provides more in-depth research and constructive opinions on the development of cross-border e-commerce in China. In this paper, factors such as consumption gap, volume of trade frictions, number of tourists, Internet usage and trade openness are added to the formula of the traditional trade gravity model in the improved trade gravity model to examine the influencing factors on China's cross-border e-commerce exports. Design/methodology - According to the empirical analysis, China's cross-border e-commerce exports to ten countries are used as dependent variables, and consumption gap, trade friction volume, trade distance, trade openness and number of Internet users are taken as independent variables. Regression analysis is conducted through a modified gravity model to test whether the hypotheses hold. Findings - The analysis shows that the hypothesis that China's cross-border e-commerce exports are influenced by trade openness, trade distance, consumption gap between trade parties, and the number of Internet users in the importing country is supported by these four hypotheses, but not all independent variables have an impact on them. Specifically, the number of travelers, trade frictions do not have an impact on China's cross-border e-commerce. That is to say, trade friction between China and the United States and political issues such as China-India and China-Japan territorial disputes that emerged before do not affect the development of cross-border e-commerce in China. Originality/value - The analysis shows that the factors influencing China's cross-border e-commerce exports are the trade openness of the importing country, the trade distance, the number of Internet users in the importing country, and the consumption gap between the two sides of the trade. The trade openness and the number of Internet users positively contribute to China's cross-border e-commerce, while the consumption gap and trade distance are negatively related to them. And the analysis found that the Sino-US trade war and the Sino-Indian territorial disputes and other trade frictions to China's cross-border e-commerce exports did not have a substantial impact.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.21-36
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• 2022

Purpose - Carbon emission standards are based on the "production-based carbon emissions" generated by the production of goods in the relevant country which were the existing measurement methods. However, can such carbon emissions measurement standards be established international? For example, some of the goods produced in developing countries are produced for the demand of developed countries. The method of measuring carbon emission based on the final demand of a certain country is called "consumption-based carbon emissions." This study compares productionand consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth in ninety-three countries categorized by income level. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the difference between production- and consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth. Also, our model investigated whether the EKC hypothesis in most of the previous studies that had been based on production-based emissions was also established in the consumption-based emission model. Considering the continuous characteristics of CO₂, we utilized the generalized method of moments (GMM), specifically a system GMM econometric technique because CO₂ in the previous period can affect CO₂ in the present period. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The results show that for the consumption-based CO₂ emissions model, CO₂ continuously increases as economic growth increases in the upper-middle income countries. The inverted U-shaped result was found in the case of the production-based model. However, in the lower-income countries, an inverted-U shape in which CO₂ emissions decrease at some point as the economy grows in the production-based model does not appear. On the other hand, in the consumption-based model, an inverted U-shaped result was obtained when estimating with system-GMM. Additionally, the proportion of manufacturing, energy imports, and energy consumption had an effect on both the production- and the consumption-based model regardless of the group's CO₂ emissions. On the basis of such assessments, policymakers need to consider not only production- but also consumption-based options. Originality/value - Previous studies have mainly focused on production-based CO₂ emissions, with most of them revolving around economic growth or the effect of various social and economic factors on CO₂ emissions. However, this study considers the relationship with economic growth using consumption-based emissions as a dependent variable by classifying ninety-three countries by income level.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-52
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• 2018

Purpose - This study investigates the effect of service quality of coffee shop on store attitude and store loyalty. It demonstrates that the individual's behavior identification level plays a moderating role when the service quality of coffee shop affects store attitude. Conceptually drawing on Brady & Cronin's three-dimensional model of service quality, this study examines the effect of service quality of coffee specialty store on customer's attitudes and loyalty. Also, according to construal level theory, it examines the individual's propensity difference whether the individual's behavior identification level on service quality and store attitude has a moderating effect Research design, data, and methodology - This study used Brady & Cronin's three-dimensional service quality model, and 183 valid cases collected through the questionnaire survey were used for data analyses. For hypothesis testing, regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, and covariance analysis were conducted. Result- As a result of this study, first, it is confirmed that service quality has a positive effect on store attitude toward coffee shop. Second, the difference of an individual's construal level did not have a moderating effect on the influential relationship of service quality on the store attitude of coffee shop. This is because the influence of the service quality is greater than the difference between groups at the construal level. Therefore, there was no moderating influence according to construal level. Third, the store attitude of coffee specialty store has a positive effect on store loyalty. Conclusions - It is confirmed that there is a difference in the effect of service quality and store attitude on general and college students. This suggests that it can be used to establish marketing strategies by segment. And, the college students were found to be more influenced by physical environment quality factor among three dimensions of service quality. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve efforts to raise the level of service quality perception through physical environmental factors such as clean and pleasant environment including the interior of a coffee shop, and internal table arrangement. The empirical study on the moderating effects of customer's tendency of difference is meaningful in the absence of empirical studies.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.45-66
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• 2005

This study verified the effects of violent PC games and aggressive personality on aggressive behavior and aggressive intention as predicted by GAM in Anderson and Bushman (2002), and a correlational study and experimental research were carried out to corroborate a differences of the effects of the two variables according to the developmental levels. The correlational study showed that aggressive personality was an explanatory variable for aggressive behavior; however, exposure to violent PC games was not a significant factor, contrary to the predictions by GAM. It has been clarified that the effects of the two variables influenced aggressive behavior in a different way according to the developmental levels. Further, no positive relation existed between repetitive (chronic) violent PC game plays and aggressive personality. The experimental research analyzed the differences of aggressive intention in each of the experimental conditions designed with a 2(PC games types: violent vs. non-violent) x 2(aggressive personality: high vs. low) x 2 (developmental levels: middle school boys and college students) between-subjects factorial design. As a result, violent PC games had an effect on aggressive intention for the middle school boy group, while it was supported that aggressive personality had an effect on aggressive intention for both middle school and college students. Noticeably, the primary hypothesis in the study has been supported that the effects of violent PC games and aggressive personality on aggressive intention vary according to different age groups. In conclusion, the effects of violent PC games and aggressive personality as predicted by GAM have been confirmed in parts; however, future studies on GAM must be necessarily supplemented with the developmental perspectives, as it has been ascertained that the effects of the variables vary according to the developmental levels.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2008

The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of Ring-Back-Tone(RBT) music on the evaluation of the phone-call receiver's personality in dimensions of Openness, Extroversion, and Neuroticism. In a preliminary test, the subjects listened to 17 RBT music stimuli in random order and assessed the personality associated with liking for each music(N=15). Among the 17 RBTs, three were selected to be used in Experiments I and II and they were distinguished from each other in terms of the three personality dimensions(p<0.001). In Experiment I, the subjects were divided into four groups and were asked to make a call to interview an unknown receiver(N=60). Different RBT music was installed depending on the group to which each subject belonged. It was found that different RBT influences the caller's evaluation of the receiver's personality, supporting Hypothesis 1(p<0.001). Moreover, the ratings of the receiver's were highly correlated with those of the RBT music stimuli in terms of Openness(r=0.722, p<0.001) and Extroversion(r=0.753, p<0.001). In Experiment II, an identical experiment design was applied for a new group of subjects who were acquainted with the receiver(N=40). It was hypothesized that previous knowledge about a person would weaken the RBT effect. The results showed that RBT exerted no effect on the evaluation of the receiver's personality when the caller knew the receiver. It was also found that 12 personality traits, where each of the three personality dimensions is described by four traits, facilitated assessment of the character of the RBT music as well as the personality of the receiver.