• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.267-278
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• 2011

This study examines the relationship among stock options, pay equity, organizational commitment. Employees who received stock options tend to perceive their pay more equitable and the tendency shows a positive relationship among the amount of stock options and the equity perception. Also employees who received stock options perceive greater procedural equity, as they recognize stock options are awarded to many employees. However, the perception of stock options was not significantly associated with organizational commitment, turnover intention, and pay satisfaction. In 2003, the study surveyed 115 employees who received stock options in 10 publicly owned Korean firms that introduced stock option plans. The statistical analysis leads to the conclusions as follows. First, as the number of stock options increases, the receiver tends to perceive that pay system is more distributively equitable. Second, as the number of stock option receivers increases, the employees perceive the pay system more procedurally equitable. Third, stock option payments don't ensure that it improves pay satisfaction, turnover intention, and organizational commitment. This study shows a positive relationship that stock options work favorably in terms of pay equity, but the effect doesn't seem to be widely positive. The reason is that the introduction of stock options in domestic firms has been made only recently after the foreign exchange crisis in the late 1990s. More experiments and design issues should be discussed for the future.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of cattle slurry on forage productivity and environmental pollution in rice paddy land. Cropping systems used in this study consisted of two designs, such as whole crop rice applied with standard fertilizer (MWRS) and whole crop rice applied with cattle slurry (MWRC). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The yield of dry matter of whole crop rice in MWRS was similar as compared with that of MWRC. The contents of crude protein of whole crop rice in MWRS significantly increased as compared with those of MWRC (P<0.05). However, the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of whole crop rice were hardly influenced by cattle slurry application. The pH, and contents of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and organic matter (OM) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment increased as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment. After the end of experiment, the concentrations of exchangeable cations (Ca, Na, Mg and K) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (P<0.05). The concentrations of $NO_3$-N and $NH_4$-N in discharge water in MWRS, MWRC and DWBRC were higher in 2008 than those in 2007. But the concentration of $PO_4$-P in discharge water was hardly influenced by the cropping system during experimental period. The concentrations of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$-P in leaching water were hardly influenced by application of cattle slurry.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C and Sea buckthorn on the performance, blood biochemistry and meat quality in old laying hens. A total 200 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (101 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments : (1) Basal : basal diet, (2) Vit. C : basal diet + 0.1% vitamin C, (3) SB 0.1 : basal diet + 0.1% Sea buckthorn, (4) SB 0.5 : basal diet + 0.5% Sea buckthorn, and (5) SB 1.0 : basal diet + 1.0% Sea buckthorn. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 4 weeks under 16L:8D lighting regimen. The diets were fed to hens on an ad libitum basis for 4 weeks. Result indicated that during feeding trial of the experiment, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio were not significantly influenced by treatments. However, feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Vit. C and SB treated groups than the basal during 1 wks and 3 wks. Egg weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in basal and Vit. C than the SB 1.0 treatment. There were no differences in carcass yield during feeding trials. However, partial ratio (breast and neck) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in SB 0.5 than other treatment. There were no differences in the level of leukocytes and erythrocytes. There were no significant differences on proximate analysis (DM, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash), meat color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and fatty acids concentrations. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of vitamin C and Sea buckthorn to the diet of old laying hens might be a potential ingredient for increasing partial weight (breast) in old laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2014

The objective of this experimental was to investigate the effect of dietary Cu-sulfate and Cu-soy proteinate on productive performance and small intestinal microflora. A total 1,000 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (35 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: Control, Cu-sulfate 50, 100 (50, 100 ppm Cu supplementation as Cu-sulfate) and Cu-SP 50, 100 (50, 100 ppm Cu supplementation as Cu-soy proteinate). Each treatment was replicated 4 times with fifty birds per replication, housed in 2 birds cages. Fifty birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 5 weeks under 16L : 8D lighting regimen. Hen day egg production was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu treated groups than control. Feed intake, broken and shell-less egg production was not significantly influenced by treatment. Eggshell color, eggyolk color, haugh unit, and eggshell thickness were not significantly influenced by treatment. However, eggshell strength was significantly (P<0.05) greater in Cu treated groups than control. Concentration of copper of liver was significantly (P<0.05) greater in Cu treated groups than control. Concentration of zinc and iron of liver were not influenced by treatments. Population of Cl. perfrigens and Lactobacilli in the small intestinal content were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by treatments. Population of Cl. perfrigens decreased and that of Lactobacilli increased in the Cu supplement groups. In conclusion, dietary Cu sulfate and Cu-soy proteinate similarly improves egg production, eggshell strength, and favors intestinal microbial population of laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of copper-soy proteinate (Cu-SP) and herbal mixture (HBM) on growth performance, blood parameter, and immune response in laying hens. A total 800 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments : (1) Control : control diet, (2) Cu-SP : control diet + 100 mg/kg Cu-soy proteinate, (3) HBM : control diet + 0.15% herbal mixture, and (4) Cu-SP + HBM : control diet + 100 mg/kg Cu-soy proteinate + 0.15% herbal mixture. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with forty birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 5 weeks under 16L : 8D lighting regimen. The diet and water were available ad libitum. Result indicated that during feeding trial of the experiment, hen-day egg production was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu-SP and HBM treated groups than control. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, broken and shell less egg production were not significantly influenced by treatments. Eggshell strength was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu-SP than control. Eggshell thickness, eggshell color, egg yolk color, Haugh unit were not significantly influenced by treatments. The level of WBC and stress index (heterophil : lymphocyte) were higher in supplemented groups than the control. The concentration of plasma IgG was higher in supplemented groups than the control. The result of this experiment showed that dietary copper-soy proteinate or herbal mixture tended to improve egg production and affect positively on immune response of laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.237-251
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing antibiotics by organic acid mixture on growth performances and blood metabolites in growing pigs. Twenty-five crossbred pigs (Large White${\times}$Landrace) at the age of 79 days were fed five different diets by supplementing organic acid mixture and chlortetracycline. The experimental diets were consisted of diets without antibiotics supplementation (control), diets added 100mg/kg of chlortetracycline to control diet (T1), diets added 100mg/kg of chlortetracycline and 0.1% of $Acidomix^{(R)}$ (comprising formic acid 25%, sorbic acid 10%, fumaric acid 10%) to control diet (T2), diets added 0.1% of $Acidomix^{(R)}$ to control diet (T3), and diets added 0.3% of $Acidomix^{(R)}$ to control diet (T4). The changes in feed conversion ratio, average daily gain and blood metabolites were investigated. Twenty-five pigs were allotted to five treatments with five replications of each and the experiment was conducted on the basis of complete randomized design for 6 weeks. Average daily gain was significantly (p<0.05) different between T4 and control diets. All treatments including diets added $Acidomix^{(R)}$ and chlortetracycline were slightly higher than control diets. The feed intakes did not show a significant difference between the control and other treatments, and did not give change in feed intake by the addition of $Acidomix^{(R)}$. No differences on feed conversion ratio among treatments were observed but T4 and T3 treatments showed lower value than other treatments. The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly (p<0.05) different among treatments, but their values were within the normal range representing that effects on blood profile by organic acid or antibiotics supplementation were not found. The results from this study indicated that adding chlortetracycline or organic acid mixtures to diets showed tendency to improve average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in growing pigs. These results showed that antibiotics could be replaced by organic acid mixture in growing pig diets, leading to stimulated growth and improved feed conversion ratio.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-125
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• 2017

Complex product systems (CoPs) is a engineering-intensive products with high-ended design technology, which are closely linked with national economic growth and development of social infrastructures. Accordingly, in order to understand the technological evolution of CoPs, it is necessary to identify the macro-environmental drivers surrounding the CoPs and their impact on the technological evolution of the CoPS. Therefore, we investigate the effect of policy, economic and social drivers on the technological evolution of CoPS by implementing the longitudinal case study on nuclear power plant during the periods between 1950 and 2010s. Based on the analysis of various sources of secondary data and primary data through interviews, we found that the technological evolution of nuclear power plant is progressed as "Phase 1: Application research for peaceful utilization of nuclear energy" between 1950s and 1960s, "Phase 2: The first renaissance of nuclear energy" during 1970s, "Phase 3: Enhancement of safety and the catch-up of latecomers in nuclear energy" between 1990s and 2000s, and "Phase 4: Top prioritization of safety and the development of next generation reactors for the second renaissance of nuclear energy" since 2010s. We also found that various kinds of policy, economic and social drivers, such as energy policy, investment in technology development, economic growth and energy demand, social acceptability and environmental concern, have affected the technology evolution of nuclear power plant at each phase. We emphasize the role of macroenvironmental drivers in the technological evolution of CoPS. We also suggest that countries that endeavor to develop CoPs need to utilize those drivers for enhancing competitiveness and sustaining leadership.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.746-763
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• 1996

An alternative design to conventional class II cavity preparation for proximal carious lesions is the tunnel preparation. It preserves the marginal ridge intact, thus making it possible to maintain the natural contact relationship with the adjacent tooth and minimize tooth reduction. This in vitro study was purposed to evaluate the effect of the materials' elastic constants and shear-bond strength on the marginal ridge fracture resistance of teeth restored by the tunnel technique, and to find the materials of choice for tunnel restorations. $Resinomer^{(R)}$, $Ketac-silver^{(R)}$, $Miracle-Mix^{(R)}$, and Tytin were used as restorative material. The elastic constants of each restorative material were evaluated by ultrasonic pulse measurement. Young's modulus and bulk modulus of the restorative materials were evaluated in three specimens for each material type. The shear-bond strength of the restorative materials to the dentin surface was measured after thermocycling 400 times between 6 and $60^{\circ}C$, using ten specimens for each material type. For measuring marginal ridge strength, 60 sound extracted molar teeth were distributed into six groups by size. Sound molar teeth were used as a Control group and unfilled prepared teeth were grouped as Unrestored. Another four groups were named Resinomer group, Ketac-Silver group, Miracle Mix group, and Tytin group by type of restorative material. Tunnel cavity preparation was done with ' 1/2, 2, and 4 round burs in sequence. Initial access to proximal surface was made through an occlusal access preparation started at least 2mm from the marginal ridge, and the proximal opening was formed about 2.5mm below the marginal ridge. After restoration and thermocycling, marginal ridge strength was measured using a universal testing machine. The results were as follows: 1. The Young's modulus of $Tytin^{(R)}$ was 63.95 GPa, followed by $Ketac-Silver^{(R)}$ 27.60 GPa, $Miracle-mix^{(R)}$ 18.48 GPa, and $Resinomer^{(R)}$ 10.74 GPa showing significant differences between the groups(P<0.05). The bulk modulus of the materials showed the same order as Young's modulus. The value of $Tytin^{(R)}$ showed 59.57 GPa indicating that it will deform less than other materials under the same stress. It was followed by $Ketac-Silver^{(R)}$ 23.57 GPa, Miracle $Mix^{(R)}$ 12.50 GPa, and $Resinomer^{(R)}$ 11.60 GPa. 2. The Resinomer group had a shear-bond strength of 7.41 MPa which was significantly higher than those of the Ketac-Silver group (1.80 MPa) and the Miracle Mix group (2.84 MPa) (P<0.01). All the specimens of Tytin group detatched from the dentin surface during thermocycling. 3. The mean marginal ridge strength of the Unrestored group(46.14 kgf) was significantly lower than that of the Control group (84.24 kgf) (P<0.01). The marginal ridge strength of teeth restored by the tunnel technique was, in order, Ketac-Silver group 74.06 kgf, Miracle Mix group 73.36 kgf, Resinomer group 63.47 kgf, and Tytin group 58.76 kgf. The Ketac-Silver, Miracle Mix, and Resinomer groups showed no significant difference with the Control group (P>0.05), but the Tytin group showed significantly lower strength compared to the Control group(P<0.05). The results showed that the marginal ridge strength of the teeth restored by the tunnel technique was not significantly lower than that of sound teeth. They also demonstrated that the bonding strength of the restorative material to the tooth surface should be high and the modulus of elasticity should not be lower than that of the tooth in order to restore the marginal ridge strength to its natural condition.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.234-244
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• 2000

It is widely recognized that manipulation of body position takes advantage of the influences of gravity for improving oxygenation. The study aims to determine the effects of positioning(supine, prone, right lateral decubitus and left lateral decubitus positions) applied to the mechanically ventilatory acute respiratory failure patients on arterial oxygen partial pressure($PaO_2$), alveolar arterial oxygen tension difference($AaDO_2$), mean aterial pressure, peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure. Thirty two acute respiratory failure patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea from March 1997 to January 1998, were divided into three groups by radiographic evidence of unilateral or bilateral lung disease. In group 1 with dominant right lung disease were twelve subjects, group 2 with dominant left lung disease had eight subjects and group 3 had twelve subjects with bilateral lung disease. The variables were measured in 30 minutes after each position of supine, prone, good lung down lateral decubitus and sick lung down lateral decubitus position. The position order was done at random by Latin squre design. The results are as follows; 1) With group 1 patients, the $PaO_2$ in the left lateral decubitus and prone position were $126.8{\pm}30.8$ mmHg and $106.7{\pm}36.8$ mmHg, respectively(p=0.0001). 2) With group 2 patients, the $PaO_2$ in the prone and the right lateral decubitus position were $121.7{\pm}44.7$ mmHg and $118.5{\pm}31.7$ mmHg, respectively (p=0.0018). 3) With group 3 patients, the $PaO_2$ was $143.6{\pm}36.6$ mmHg in the prone position (p=0.0001). 4) With group 1 patients, the $AaDO_2$ in the left lateral decubitus and the right lateral decubitus position were $178.1{\pm}29.7$ mmHg and $233.1{\pm}24.4$ mmHg, respectively(p=0.0001). 5) With group 2 patients, the $AaDO_2$ in the prone and the left lateral decubitus postion were $184.0{\pm}39.5$ mmHg and $231.0{\pm}23.9$ mmHg, respectively(p=0.0019). 6) With group 3 patients, the $AaDO_2$ in the prone and the supine postion were $377.1{\pm}35.6$ mmHg and $435.7{\pm}13.1$ mmHg, respectively (p=0.0001). 7) There were no differences among the mean arterial pressure, peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure for each of the supine, prone, left lateral decubitus and right lateral decubitus position. The results suggest that oxygenation may improve in mechanically ventilatory patients with unilateral lung disease when the position is good lung dependent and prone, and patients with bilateral lung disease when the position is prone without any effects on the mean arterial pressure and airway pressure. It is suggested that body positions improve ventilation/perfusion matching and oxygenation need to be specified in patient care plans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.