• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2024

In this study, a novel mountain train system was developed that can run along a steep gradient of 180 ‰ and sharp curve with a minimum radius of 10 m. For this novel mountain train, an embedded precast concrete rack rail track was implemented to share the track with an automobile road and increase constructability in mountainous regions. The embedded rack rail track is connected to a hydraulically stabilized base (HSB) layer with shear anchors, which must have sufficient longitudinal resistance because they bear most of the traction forces originated from the rack rail and longitudinal loads owing to the steep gradient. In addition, the damage to the shear anchor parts, including the surrounding concrete, must be strictly limited under the service load because the maintenance of shear anchors inside the track is extremely difficult after installation. In this study, the focus was made on the shear anchor behavior and design an embedded rack rail track, considering the serviceability and ultimate limit states. Accordingly, the design loads for mountain trains were established, and the serviceability criteria of the anchor were proposed. Subsequently, the resistance and damage of the shear anchors were evaluated and analyzed based on the results of several finite element analyses. Finally, the design method of the shear anchors for the embedded rack rail track was established and verified.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.38-51
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• 2000

The study on the mechanical behavior of a spot-welded specimen is largely divided into the quasi-static overload failure analysis and the fatigue failure prediction. The main issue in an overload analysis is to examine the critical loads, thereby providing a generalized overload failure criterion. As the welding spot forms a singular geometry of an external crack type, fatigue failure of spot-welded specimens can be evaluated by means of a fracture parameter. In this study, we first present the limit loads of 4 representative types of single spot-welded specimens in terms of the base metal yield strength and specimen geometries. Recasting the load vs. fatigue life relationships experimentally, obtained here, we then predict the fatigue life of spot-weld specimens with a single parameter denoted the equivalent stress intensity factor. This crack driving parameter is demonstrated to successfully describe the effects of specimen geometry and loading type in a comprehensive manner. The suggested fatigue life formula for a single spot weld can play a key, role in the design and assessment of spot-welded panel structures, in that the fatigue strength of multi-spots is eventually determined by the fatigue strength of each single spot.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.277-294
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• 2018

In the space industry, structures undergo several vibration and acoustic tests in order to verify their design and give confidence that they will survive the launch and other critical in-orbit dynamic scenarios. At component level, vibration tests are conducted with the aim to reach local or global interface loads without exceeding the design loads. So, it is often necessary to control and limit the input based on a load criterion. This means the test engineer should be able to assess the interface loads, even when load cannot be measured. This paper presents various approaches to evaluate interface loads using measured accelerations and by referring to mass operators. Various methods, from curve fitting techniques to finite element-based methods are presented. The methods are compared using signals with known imperfection to identify strengths and weaknesses of each mass operator definition.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.847-866
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• 2014

This paper describes a formulation to predict optimum post-tensioning forces and cable dimensioning for self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridges. The analysis is developed with respect to both dead and live load configurations, taking into account design constrains concerning serviceability and ultimate limit states. In particular, under dead loads, the analysis is developed with the purpose to calculate the post-tensioning cable forces to achieve minimum deflections for both girder and pylons. Moreover, under live loads, for each cable elements, the lowest required cross-section area is determined, which verifies prescriptions, under ultimate or serviceability limit states, on maximum allowable stresses and bridge deflections. The final configuration is obtained by means of an iterative procedure, which leads to a progressive definition of the stay, hanger and main cable characteristics, concerning both post-tensioning cable stresses and cross-sections. The design procedure is developed in the framework of a FE modeling, by using a refined formulation of the bridge components, taking into account of geometric nonlinearities involved in the bridge components. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can be easily utilized to predict the cable dimensioning also in the framework of long span bridge structures, in which typically more complexities are expected in view of the large number of variables involved in the design analysis.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1990

콘크리트 원전(原電) 차폐(遮蔽) 구조물(構造物)은 발생(發生) 가능(可能)한 각종(各種) 자연재해(自然災害) 또는 사고하중하(事故荷重下)에서도 안전성(安全性)이 보장(保障)되어야 한다. 그러나 현행(現行) 설계(設計) 규준(規準)은 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계(設計) 개념(槪念)에 의한 것이 아닌 재래적(在來的)인 설계(設計) 개념(槪念)을 그대로 사용(使用)하고 있는 실정(實情)이다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 구조물(構造物)의 사용성(使用性) 한계상태(限界狀態)와 FEM 해석(解析) 결과(結果)를 기초(基礎)로한 랜덤 진동(振動) 이론(理論)에 의한 확률적(確率的) 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석(解析) 방법(方法)에 대해 연구(硏究)하였다. 한계상태(限界狀態) 모형(模型)은 보다 실제적(實際的)인 방사능(放射能) 누출(漏出) 한계(限界) 균열(龜裂)에 대한 사용성(使用性) 한계상태(限界狀態)로 정의(定義)하였으며, 강도(强度) 한계상태(限界狀態)의 경우(境遇)와 비교(比較)하였다. 종래(從來)의 일반적(一般的) 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석(解析) 방법(方法)과는 달리 유한요소(有限要所) 해석(解析) 결과(結果)를 랜덤 진동이론(振動理論)에 결합(結合)하여 한계상태(限界狀態) 확률(確率)을 계산(計算)하므로써 지진하중(地震荷重) 등 각종(各種) 동적(動的) 하중(荷重)에 대한 보다 정확(正確)한 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석(解析)이 가능(可能)하게 되었다. 하중(荷重) 및 저항(抵抗)의 불확실량(不確實量)에 대해서는 가용(可用)한 국내외(國內外) 자료(資料)를 우리 실정(實情)에 맞게 수정보완(修整補完)하였으며, 특히 지진하중(地震荷重)의 경우, 설계(設計) 지진하중(地震荷重)은 한반도(韓半島) 지반(地盤) 가속도(加速度)에 대한 확률적(確率的) 연구(硏究) 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)하여 산정(算定)하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.247-267
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• 2012

Calculating the displacements of retaining walls under seismic loads is a crucial part in optimum design of these structures and unfortunately the techniques based on active seismic pressure are not sufficient alone for an appropriate design of the wall. Using limit analysis concepts, the seismic displacements of retaining walls are studied in present research. In this regard, applying limit analysis method and upper bound theorem, a new procedure is proposed for calculating the yield acceleration, critical angle of failure wedge, and permanent displacements of retaining walls in seismic conditions for two failure mechanisms, namely sliding and sliding-rotational modes. Also, the effect of internal friction angle of soil, the friction angle between wall and soil, maximum acceleration of the earthquake and height of the wall all in the magnitude of seismic displacements has been investigated by the suggested method. Two sets of ground acceleration records related to near-field and far-field domains are employed in analyses and eventually the results obtained from the suggested method are compared with those from other techniques.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1329-1335
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 3 차원 유한요소 한계해석을 기반으로 하여 인장하중, 굽힘 모멘트 및 내압이 작용하는 원주방향 경사관통균열을 갖는 배관의 소성한계 하중값을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 수행된 유한요소 모델 및 해석 방법은 이상화된 관통균열을 갖는 배관의 소성한계 하중값을 구하기 위한 기존의 이론식과의 비교를 통해 타당성을 입증하였다. 또한, 경사균열이 소성한계 하중값에 미치는 영향을 정량화하기 위하여 대규모의 3 차원 유한요소 해석을 통해 이상화된 관통균열 배관의 소성한계 하중값으로부터 경사관통균열 배관의 소성한계 하중값을 구할 수 있는 새로운 경사균열 보정계수를 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문의 결과인 경사균열 보정계수들은 각 하중조건 및 실제 조건의 형상들에 대해 표 형식으로 나타내었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권2호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2019

This paper investigates the probability of failure of reinforced concrete beams for limit state of collapse for flexure and shear. The influence of randomness of the variables on the failure probability is also examined. The Indian standard code for plain and reinforced concrete IS456:2000 is used for the design of beams. Probabilistic models are developed for flexure and shear according to IS456:2000. The loads considered acting on the beam are live load and dead load only. Random variables associated with the limit state equation such as grade of concrete, grade of steel, live load and dead load are identified. Probability of failure is evaluated based on the limit state equation using First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Importance of the random variables on the limit state equations are observed and the variables are accordingly reduced. The effect of the reduced parameters is checked on the probability of failure. The results show the role of each parameter on the design of beam. Thus, the Indian standard guidelines for plain and reinforced concrete IS456:2000 is investigated with the probabilistic and risk-based analysis and design for a simple beam. The results obtained are also compared with the literature and accordingly some suggestions are made.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.481-501
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• 2015

Current design codes and technical recommendations often provide rough indications on how to assess effective stiffness of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) frames subjected to seismic loads, which is a key factor when a linear analysis is performed. The Italian design code (NTC-2008), Eurocode 8 and ACI 318 do not take into account all the structural parameters affecting the effective stiffness and this may not be on the safe side when second-order $P-{\Delta}$ effects may occur. This paper presents a study on the factors influencing the effective stiffness of R/C beams, columns and walls under seismic forces. Five different approaches are adopted and analyzed in order to evaluate the effective stiffness of R/C members, in accordance with the scientific literature and the international design codes. Furthermore, the paper discusses the outcomes of a parametric analysis performed on an actual R/C building and analyses the main variables, namely reinforcement ratio, axial load ratio, concrete compressive strength, and type of shallow beams. The second-order effects are investigated and the resulting displacements related to the Damage Limit State (DLS) under seismic loads are discussed. Although the effective stiffness increases with steel ratio, the analytical results show that the limit of 50% of the initial stiffness turns out to be the upper bound for small values of axial-load ratio, rather than a lower bound as indicated by both Italian NTC-2008 and EC8. As a result, in some cases the current Italian and European provisions tend to underestimate second-order $P-{\Delta}$ effects, when the DLS is investigated under seismic loading.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

복합재료가 신재생 에너지 산업 관련 구조물 및 해양 구조물에서 좀 더 신뢰도 있는 주 하중 부재로 사용되기 위하여 복합재료평판의 확률론적 비선형 초기 파단 하중과 원공과 곡률이 있는 복합재료판의 확률론적 비선형 좌굴 하중이 평가되었다. 주어진 설계 추출점에서의 확정론적 유한요소해석 결과를 바탕으로 반응면기법을 이용하여 한계상태면을 확률변수로 이루어진 2차 다항식으로 근사하였다. 또한, MPFP 근처에서 좀 더 정확하게 한계상태면을 근사하기 위하여 반복적 선형보간법이 적용되었다. 파괴확률을 평가하기 위하여 근사된 한계상태면 상에서 향상된 일계이차모멘트법과 몬테카를로법이 수행되었다. 마지막으로 파단에 영향을 주는 주요한 확률변수를 파악하기 위하여 변환된 확률변수에 대한 신뢰도지수의 감도를 계산하였다.