• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2018

Purpose - In franchise system, how to build the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee through influence strategy is very important, because it affects on the long-term orientation like recontract intentions. Thus, this study examines the effect of mandatory influence strategy on relationship satisfaction, relationship trust, and recontract intentions in the context of food-service franchise industry. This study suggests the guidelines on how franchisor uses their influence strategy on franchisee to maintain and increase the recontract intentions. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines the structural relationship between mandatory influence strategy, relationship satisfaction, relationship trust, and recontract intentions from the franchisee's perspective. Mandatory influence strategy divide into three sub-dimensions such as request, legalistic plea, threat. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. Every constructs were measured by multiple items tested and developed in the previous research. Also, the constructs utilized in this research are measured using 7-point scales anchored by "1=strongly disagree" and 7=strongly agree". The data were collected from 496 owner and owner manager franchisees and were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and Smart PLS 3.0. program. Analysis of frequency was conducted to identify the demographics and general characteristics of the survey subjects. In order to measure the reliability and validity of the measurement tools, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis were conducted and structural model analysis was conducted to verify the proposed research model. Result - The results of this study are as follows. First, this research found that mandatory influence strategy is positively related to relationship satisfaction and relationship trust, but not to recontract intention directly. Second, this research also found that the full mediating role of relationship satisfaction and relationship trust between the mandatory influence strategy and recontract intention. Conclusions - The findings of this research indicate that franchisor should use properly mandatory influence strategy to improve recontract intentions through relationship satisfaction and relationship trust. Due to the nature of food-service franchise industry, which needs high relationship quality, franchisor must manage their franchisee using influence strategy in order to improve satisfaction and trust. If franchisee perceives higher relationship quality, they will show higher intention to recontract. At the end of this paper, limitations and future research directions were suggested.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.29-37
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• 2017

Purpose - In recent years, research has been conducted on the conflict resolution strategies of the franchise headquarters and the franchisees, but there is a lack of research on the factors of conflict due to the intrinsic structure, such as interdependence or hierarchical relationship, and behavioral analysis to reduce the conflict. In this study, we analyze the relationship between satisfaction and trust formed in the process and result of the business, and the result of action to dissolution intention. Research design, data, methodology - For these purposes, the author developed the proposed model and several hypotheses. In this model, conflict resolution strategies consist of five dimensions such as avoiding, forcing, cooperating, obliging, and compromising strategy. And, this model proposed that onflict resolution strategies are antecedents of procedure quality, behaviour quality and dissolution intention are consequences of conflict resolution strategies. The data were collected from April 1 to April 15, 2013. Because this study examined franchise industries from the franchisee perspective, we contacted franchisee store owner and managers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Interviewers trained contacted a total of 483 franchisees, and 400 franchisees responded. Out of 400 respondents, 2 respondents were deleted due to missing information. Thus, a total of 398 franchisee were used for this study. he data were analyzed using frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equational modeling with SPSS 24.0 and Amos 23.0 statistical program. Results - The findings can be summarized as follows: First, franchisor conflict resolution activities have significant effects on procedure quality. Second, procedure quality has a significant effect on behavior quality. Finally, behavior quality has a significant effect on dissolution intention. Conclusions - In this study, we investigated the relationship between conflict resolution behavior, procedural quality, behavior quality and dissolution intention. As a result, the franchisers should strive to resolve conflicts not only in solving simple problems with franchisees, but also in a longer term perspective. We also found that the procedural aspects of resolving conflicts should not be ignored. If the trust and satisfaction of each other increase during the process of resolving the conflict, it will positively affect the satisfaction and trust in resolving the conflict. This is also because it serves to lower the intention of termination. However, there is a limitation that it is targeted only to the restaurant franchise, and it is necessary to study the conflict resolution behavior depending on the type of conflict.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2017

Purpose - In recent years, research has been conducted on the conflict resolution strategies of the franchise headquarters and the franchisees, but there is a lack of research on how the power structure and cultural factors play a role in resolving conflicts. From this perspective, this study is to examine the structural relationship between franchisors' cultural orientation and relationship power, and conflict resolution strategies, relationship trust, and relationship performance using. The findings of this study suggest how franchise headquarters should establish long-term relationship with franchisees and share information. Research design, data, methodology - The data were collected from April 1 to April 15, 2013. Because this study examined franchise industries from the franchisee perspective, we contacted franchisee store owner and managers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Interviewers trained contacted a total of 200 franchisees, and 196 franchisees responded. Out of 196 respondents, 13 respondents were deleted due to missing information. Thus, a total of 183 franchisee were used for this study. he data were analyzed using frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equational modeling with SPSS 24.0 and Amos 23.0 statistical program. Results - The results showed that cooperation orientation and relational power of franchisor had significant effects on conflict resolution strategies. Cooperating, obliging, and compromising strategies of conflict resolution strategy had significant effects on relationship trust. Also, relationship trust had significant effect on relationship performance. Conclusions - This study shows that the franchise headquarters and the franchisees share necessary information for common purposes and that continuous two-way communications play an important role in resolving conflicts. In other words, the result of this study suggests that if the franchise headquarters and the franchisee actively consider the position of the other party and strive to achieve the goal, conflict resolution may be more successful. In order to do this, the franchise headquarters will have to consider how to build and maintain continuous communication with the franchisees, and continuous education is also needed so that employees can have a cooperative attitude. However, since the culture of these organizations is not made up of simple staff training and is not formed within a short time, the CEO of the franchisee headquarters should take the lead in establishing a cooperative culture with the merchants over the long term.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2017

Purpose - Recently, entrepreneurship education has been revitalized with interest in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship education is an educational service activity that is provided for entrepreneurship and individual start-up success within a certain period of time. According to previous studies on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship, the satisfaction of entrepreneurship education affects entrepreneurship and as a result increases entrepreneurship. In recent years, the number of female entrepreneurs has also increased as the number of entrepreneurial issues has increased. Based on previous studies, this research proposed the theoretical framework about the structural relationships among mentoring quality (career development, psychological social, role modeling), education satisfaction, recommendation intention and entrepreneurial intention. This study is to find out the possibility of attempting to create a theoretical basis for entrepreneurial mentoring education in entrepreneurship education program. Research design, data, and methodology - In this model, mentoring quality consists of three sub-dimensions such as career development, psychological social, and role modeling. In order to test research model and hypotheses, the data were collected from 203 female college students who participated in entrepreneurial education. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equational modeling with SPSS 24.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 statistical program. Result - The results of the study are as follows. First, role modeling has a positive effect on recommendation intention and entrepreneurial intention. Second, career development has a strong negative effect on the entrepreneurial intention. Third, career development and role modeling had a positive effect on educational satisfaction, and educational satisfaction had positive influence on recommendation intention and entrepreneurial intention. Conclusions - As women's social advancement becomes more active, start-up support programs including entrepreneurship mentoring are increasing. The results of this study suggest how to use the mentoring program mix and how to allocate the resources for the education program when the entrepreneurial education manager plans and executes the mentoring education program. For example, this study shows that career development and role modeling enhance educational satisfaction, and in turn increase recommendation intention and entrepreneurial intention. This means that entrepreneurship education should consist of contents that include career development functions such as sponsorship, guidance, protection, and provision of challenging work. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that mentors should perform the function of allowing the participants to have confidence and professional thinking ability at the time of start up based on their experiences.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.19-29
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• 2018

Purpose - Due to the increase in coffee consumption and competition, domestic coffee franchise companies are currently entering the overseas market. Therefore, coffee franchise companies are pursuing a variety of marketing strategies to meet customer needs and gain competitive advantage in overseas markets. From this perspective, overseas franchise companies need to ensure that their servicescapes meet the needs of their overseas customers. For these purposes, the study is to identify the impact servicescapes on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty focused on Global Coffee Franchise Company "C", which extended its business worldwide in Mongolia. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected from customers who had visited the stores of 'C' company in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 435 valid questionnaires collected through online survey coded and analyzed using frequency, confirmatory factor analysis, correlations analysis, and structural equation modeling with SPSS 24 and SmartPLS 3.0. Result - Firstly, seating comfort, facility aesthetics, and cleanliness, ambient conditions among servicescapes influenced customer satisfaction. Secondly, servicescapes didn't affect the loyalty directly. Third, customer satisfaction had positive effect on loyalty. Fourthly, cleanliness which was ranked lower in Korea had a great effect on customer satisfaction in Mongolia. Fifthly, IPMA(Importance-performance map analysis) shows that the importance of servicescapes is higher for women than for men, and facility aesthetics for female and cleanliness is the most important for male. Conclusions - The results of this study show that there is a positive (+) effect on customer satisfaction in order of cleanliness, ambient conditions, aesthetics, and seating comfort. Therefore, franchise companies considering or advancing into Mongolia should consider importance in order of cleanliness, ambient conditions and aesthetics when entering Mongolia market. For example, franchise managers should select Monday as a "clean day," and all merchants should spend all of their open hours and keep their stores clean in accordance with the head office manual. In addition, franchise managers need to hire a VMD (visual merchandising) experts to build up a physical environment that will effectively highlight the space-specific display of the store so that Mongolian local customers can have a satisfactory climate and aesthetics. And, the IMPA analysis between servicescapes and customer satisfaction shows that women are more susceptible to servicescapes than men. Especially, in the case of women, the importance of esthetics is high, but the performance is low. Thus, if the aesthetics are actively improved, customer satisfaction can be effectively increased.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.31-43
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• 2018

Purpose - This study examines the role of foodservice franchisee's perceived justice(distributive, procedural, and interactional) in developing long-term orientation to franchisor and investigate the mediating role of cohesiveness and relationship satisfaction in the relationship between franchisee's perceived justice and long-term orientation to franchisor. Research design, data, and methodology - We collected data from managers and owners in foodservice franchisees located in Seoul, Korea. Among a total of 500 questionnaires, 500 questionnaires were returned. After excluding 36 invalid respondent questionnaires, 496 valid questionnaires(response rate of 99.2%) were analyzed using frequency, confirmatory factor analysis, correlations analysis, and structural equation modeling with SPSS 21 and SmartPLS 3.0. Result - The findings of this study are as follows: First, distributive justice and interactional justice had positive effects on cohesiveness, but procedural justice did not. Second, distributive justice and interactional justice had positive effects on relationship satisfaction, but procedural justice did not. Third, cohesiveness and relationship satisfaction had positive effects on franchisee's long-term orientation to franchisor. Conclusions - The implications of this study are as follows. First, this study found that procedural justice can create a high cohesiveness and identification of franchisee and also maintain a cooperative relationship with the franchisor. Second, this findings suggest that the perceived distributional and interactional justice can improve the satisfaction with the franchisor and thus positively influence the intention to maintain the relationship and the intention to recontract. Third, the results of this study indicate that the cohesiveness of franchisees can play a pivotal role to improve their satisfaction with the franchisor and pursue mutual development by continuously maintaining stable business relationship with franchisor. The findings of this study are subject to at least three limitations. First, the research subject is limited to the food service franchise shops in Seoul area, so the sample was not nationally representative of the franchise stores. Second, the perceived fairness is measured only from the point of view of the franchisee, and this study has a limitation to examine the difference between the perceived franchisee's and franchisor's justice. Third, Future research needs to identify more closely the relationships between perceived fairness and long-term orientation by gathering specific quantitative data such as the renewal rate and the business performance.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-52
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• 2018

Purpose - This study investigates the effect of service quality of coffee shop on store attitude and store loyalty. It demonstrates that the individual's behavior identification level plays a moderating role when the service quality of coffee shop affects store attitude. Conceptually drawing on Brady & Cronin's three-dimensional model of service quality, this study examines the effect of service quality of coffee specialty store on customer's attitudes and loyalty. Also, according to construal level theory, it examines the individual's propensity difference whether the individual's behavior identification level on service quality and store attitude has a moderating effect Research design, data, and methodology - This study used Brady & Cronin's three-dimensional service quality model, and 183 valid cases collected through the questionnaire survey were used for data analyses. For hypothesis testing, regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, and covariance analysis were conducted. Result- As a result of this study, first, it is confirmed that service quality has a positive effect on store attitude toward coffee shop. Second, the difference of an individual's construal level did not have a moderating effect on the influential relationship of service quality on the store attitude of coffee shop. This is because the influence of the service quality is greater than the difference between groups at the construal level. Therefore, there was no moderating influence according to construal level. Third, the store attitude of coffee specialty store has a positive effect on store loyalty. Conclusions - It is confirmed that there is a difference in the effect of service quality and store attitude on general and college students. This suggests that it can be used to establish marketing strategies by segment. And, the college students were found to be more influenced by physical environment quality factor among three dimensions of service quality. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve efforts to raise the level of service quality perception through physical environmental factors such as clean and pleasant environment including the interior of a coffee shop, and internal table arrangement. The empirical study on the moderating effects of customer's tendency of difference is meaningful in the absence of empirical studies.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.49-59
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• 2022

Cyber security in the automobile sector is a key factor in the life cycle of automobiles, and cyber security evaluation standards are being strengthened worldwide. In addition, not only manufacturers who design and produce automobiles, but also due to the nature of automobiles consisting of complex components and various parts, the safety of cybersecurity can be secured only when the implementation level of the cybersecurity management system of companies participating in the entire supply chain is evaluated and managed. In this study, I analyzed the requirements of ISO/SAE 21434 and TISAX, which are representative standards for evaluating automotive cybersecurity. Through a survey conducted on domestic/overseas company security officers and related experts, suitability and feasibility were reviewed according to priorities and industries, so 6 areas and 45 evaluation criteria were derived and presented as final evaluation items. This study is meaningful as a study in that it presented a model that allows companies participating in the automotive supply chain to evaluate the current cybersecurity management level of the company by first applying ISO/SAE 21434 and TISAX overall control processes before uniformly introducing them.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.569-577
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• 2023

This study selected seven carbon-neutral villages, considering the characteristics of each region, including all five administrative districts of Changwon City, and proposed activation plans based on business evaluations through surveys of local residents and FGIs with leaders. The analysis showed that carbon-neutral education was the most important factor for activating carbon-neutral villages, with a response rate of 91.9% for 17 multiple-choice questions, followed by legal (ordinance) arrangements at 79.3% and village organization building at 74.1%. Based on this, the following activation plans through the participation of residents who are involved in the project of creating a carbon-neutral village in Changwon City were proposed. First, the characteristics of each carbon-neutral village model were classified into a resource circulation-based model, an environmental creation-based model, an environmental education and experience event-based model, and an energy efficiency-based model. Second, it is necessary to create and present carbon-neutral village growth stage guidelines for the growth of carbon-neutral villages. Third, manuals and teaching materials related to carbon neutrality, such as theories, issues, and practices, need to be produced and distributed for leaders and activists to easily apply and access for self-government operation of the village. Finally, if a carbon-neutral support center that is legally installable in Changwon City is established, it is expected that the lives of local residents will become more sustainable for carbon-neutral living in preparation for climate crises.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3D
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• pp.425-433
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• 2006

The presented work provided a predictive equation for dynamic modulus of hot mix asphalt, which showed higher reliability and more simplicity. Lots of test result by UTM at laboratory has been used to develop the precise predictive equation. Evaluation of dynamic modulus for 13mm and 19mm surface course and 25mm of base course of hot mix asphalt with granite aggregate and two asphalt binders (AP-3 and AP-5) were carried out. Superpave Level 1 Mix Design with gyrator compactor was adopted to determine the optimum asphalt binder content (OAC) and the measured ranges of OAC were between 5.1% and 5.4% for surface HMA, and around 4.2% for base HMA. The dynamic modulus and phase angle were determined by testing on UTM, with 5 different testing temperature (-10, 5, 20, 40, & $55^{\circ}C$) and 5 different loading frequencies (0.05, 0.1, 1, 10, 25 Hz). Using the measured dynamic modulus and phase angle, the input parameters of Sigmoidal function equation to represent the master curve were determined and these will be adopted in FEM analysis for asphalt pavements. The effect of each parameter for equation has been compared. Due to the limitation of laboratory tests, the reliability of predictive equation for dynamic modulus is around 80%.