• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.262-271
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to classify types of family visitors' behaviors more concretely, which could be useful in planning of exhibition spaces in a science museum, with given priority to their behaviors according to interaction between them, and to understand characteristics of the behaviors. With this view, the scope of this study was restricted to subjects, who were family visitors of Gwacheon National Science Museum, consisting of parents and their one elementary school child per family unit. For understanding their behaviors, itinerary tracking and observation method of behavior were conducted. Moreover, for understanding substantial types and characteristics of family visitors' behaviors, multivariate analysis was applied. Accordingly, the results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of factor analysis, two main factors were derived. In other words, they were 'Durability of viewing' as the first and 'Interactivity between family members' as the second, which were shown valid in classification of the types of their behaviors. Second, according to the factors derived, the types of their behaviors were classified into in-depth cooperative viewing, selective independent viewing, interest concentration child-led viewing and consideration parent-led viewing. They were shown valid in topological localization and classification, as a result of analysis of the main factors. Third, in view of common characteristics of the types, it is judged that active orientation prior to regular viewing could encourage visitors coming to the museum for the first time to feel more friendly to unfamiliar exhibition environments, during the initial seek time, and to reduce visual supersaturation. Fourth, it is judged that distributed arrangement of exhibits, which result in continuous standby, could avoid confused visitor circulation by the estimated time required for viewing.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.98-111
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• 2008

This review introduces advances in clinical and pre-clinical single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) providing noninvasive functional images of biological processes. Development of new collimation techniques such as multi-pinhole and slit-slat collimators permits the improvement of system spatial resolution and sensitivity of SPECT. Application specific SPECT systems using smaller and compact solid-state detector have been customized for myocardial perfusion imaging with higher performance. Combined SPECT/CT providing improved diagnostic and functional capabilities has been introduced. Advances in PET and CT instrumentation have been incorporated in the PET/CT design that provide the metabolic information from PET superimposed on the anatomic information from CT. Improvements in the sensitivity of PET have achieved by the fully 3D acquisition with no septa and the extension of axial field-of-view. With the development of faster scintillation crystals and electronics, time-of-flight (TOF) PET is now commercially available allowing the increase in the signal-to-noise ratio by incorporation of TOF information into the PET reconstruction process. Hybrid PET/SPECT/CT systems has become commercially available for molecular imaging in small animal models. The pre-clinical systems have improved spatial resolution using depth-of-interaction measurement and new collimators. The recent works on solid state detector and dual modality nuclear medicine instrumentations incorporating MRI and optical imagers will also be discussed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.89-98
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• 2019

It requires administrative supporting & Policies Aids on Maeul Community Media that confronted with reconstruction of community & interaction of residence. There are increased of community media research. This study examines the meanings of participants, the role of participants & volunteer, characteristic of community media, enlargement of residence, problems and activation of community media also conducted in-depth interviews of participants. According to the results of the analysis, the first it will be enforced administrative supporting & policies aids on Maeul Community Media. Secondly, suggests supporting of a municipal ordinance of Council. Thirdly, facilitate the education of program contents and management of community media. Finally, Supports of production costs.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2019

Poor project performance has been noted as the bane in the construction industry globally. This paper sought to investigate, by way of literature, the performance patterns of construction projects in Kenya since independence (1963-2018). This was informed by reports of undesirable project performance in the industry. This descriptive study used available studies previously done in this subject area. In sum, literature is replete with evidence on a myriad of challenges facing the execution of projects. The study established that generally, the project performance is poor and has assumed a chronic trajectory spanning over five decades. On average, the findings reveal that 35-60% of projects initiated in Kenya face cost overruns while time overrun is most severe with 35-73% projects overrunning their schedule. In addition, the findings problematize the issue of plurality of performance measurement regimes in the construction industry. Here, it was observed that no singular construct exists to objectively measure the various facets that constitute the 'health' of a project. This paper has contributed to the body of knowledge by examining the performance patterns in Kenya for over fifty years while at the same time identifying the bottlenecks inherent in projects execution. Importantly, the conceptual performance efficiency framework derived in the current study presents a paradigm shift in the monitoring and evaluation of projects. To this end, an in-depth analysis is recommended on the interaction of efficiency enablers in the buildup of performance efficiency index (PEI). Similarly, a further inquiry is recommended on the integration and impact of the proposed framework in the management of projects.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.259-268
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• 2010

Breast cancer is the most prevalent woman cancer, and its prevalence rate is increasing rapidly. It is necessary to develop the breast-dedicated positron emission tomography (PET) or positron emission mammography (PEM) systems with high resolution and sensitivity to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of breast cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the high-end PET system technologies, such as the measurement of depth-of-interaction (DOI) and fully digitalized data acquisition, to establish high performance breast imaging systems. In this paper, recent technical advances in breast-dedicated PET imaging systems will be reviewed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.459-473
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• 2000

Dental caries is the most common disease in the maxillofacial area. There are many factors contributing to its development, but complete understanding and prevention is not fully known. Since the structure of the coronal and root portion of the tooth is different, the remineralization and demineralization process is also known to be different. In this study, by using a partially saturated buffer solution, we created artificial enamel and dentin caries and evaluated mineral loss. A remineralization solution with four different degrees of saturation (degree of saturation ; group 1, 0.268, group 2, 0.309, group 3, 0.339, group 4, 0.390, PH 4.3, F-2ppm) was used on a demineralized specimen. The mineral precipitating quantity and depth was evaluated by using microradiography. Using an atomic force microscope (AFM), hydroxyapatite crystals of normal, demineralized, and remineralized enamel and dentin were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. As the degree of saturation of the remineralizing solution increased, the mineral precipitation in the enamel was increased. In group 4, mineral precipitation was limited near the surface. 2. As the degree of saturation of the remineralizing solution increased, the mineral precipitation in the dentin was decreased and it occurred in a deeper portion. In group 4, however, mineral precipitation occurred on the surface and its quantity increased. 3. There was a statistically significant interaction between enamel and dentin mineral content changes on specimens treated with remineralization and demineralization solution (demineralization r=0.44, remineralization r=0.44, p<0.05). 4. Demineralized hydroxyapatite crystals showed central and peripheral dissolving and widening of intercrystal spaces under the AFM. 5. In dentin remineralization small crystal precipitation occurred between the large crystals. We conclude that by adjusting acidulated buffer solution's degree of saturation, we can control enamel and dentin remineralization. In addition, the AFM is highly useful in evaluating changes in remineralized and demineralized hydroxyapatite crystals.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 12 mothers who have cared for a child who had chronic illness. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simutaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 34 concepts were identified as a result of analyzing the grounded data. Ten categories emerged from the analysis. The categories were lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, negative change, anxiety, devotion normalization and burn-out. Causal conditions included : lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity and change ; central phenomena : anxiety, being perplexed ; context. seriousness of illness, support ; intervening condition : belief action/interaction strategies devotion, overprotection ; consequences : normalization, burn-out. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-anxiety. The process of experiencing uncertainty was 1) Entering the world of uncertainty, 2) Struggling in the tunnel of uncertainty, 3) Reconstruction of the situation of uncertainty. Four hypotheses were derived from the analysis : (1) The higher the lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliaity, change, the higher the level of uncertainty (2) The more serious the illness and the less the support, the higher the level of uncertainty. (3) The positive believes will influence the devoted care and normalization of the family life. Through this substantive theory, pediatric nurses can understand the process of experiencing maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other uncertainties may contribute to a formal theory of how normalization is achieved in the family with chronically ill child.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.289-304
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the illness experience of married Korean women with epilepsy. Methods: Data were collected during 2015~2016 through individual in-depth interviews with 12 married women with epilepsy. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological analysis to uncover the meaning of the illness experience of the participants. Results: The study results showed that the illness experience of married Korean women with epilepsy was clustered into a specific description of situated structure and a general description of situated structure. Six themes from 20 meaning units were identified: 1) Undermined self-esteem with stigma of being epileptic; 2) Limited social interaction; 3) Suffering sorrow as a 'disqualified being'; 4) Shuttling back and forth across the boundary between healthy and epileptic; 5) Desperate struggle to meet the expectation of given role; 6) Self-empowering through self-restriction and realization. Conclusion: The findings from this study show that both the enacted and felt stigma of epilepsy impact on the life of married Korean women with epilepsy. Although the participants face social and interpersonal restriction and prejudices, they try their best to fulfill their role rather than to be cared for as patients. As the stigma and hardships of the participants are related to lack of knowledge, health professionals should focus not just on clinical intervention but also on providing targeted educational programs and counseling for these women to dispel the stigma of the disease and to increase their quality of life.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.74-82
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• 2011

All the phenomena and subjects of nature and society are within correlation interconnection, and they are inseparably connected one another. The elements of this interaction can be found out through the concept of transparency in the space composition of Korean traditional architecture. This study is focusing on the access space, in other words, a gate-house that is a buffer zone playing a process role up to the main space among successive spaces. It was chosen to be the subject of the study since it strengthens convergence into the main building and with the effect connecting spaces, it could show well the spatial possibility of transparency. Besides, the subject of the study is limited to the Moonru Multi roofs that improves the functionality of spaces between gate-houses, and it is intended to progress contents by comparative analysis of two kinds such as Seo Won gate-house and temple gate-house. Korean traditional architecture places emphasis on harmony within the whole spaces. There are intimate relations between surrounding environment, external spaces and internal spaces, and it is important understand the spatial relations according to the shape appearing through interactions of parts in the whole spaces. In conclusion, the Moonru Multi roofs is analyzed with the method of extracting the concept that is contained in the frame of analysis and through ecological views through a visible and structural method. It can be understood what kinds of method for communication were used for ancestors to recognize and use spaces with the deduced concept through the analysis of the Moonru Multi roofs with different character.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.81-89
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of early revegetation by analyzing the characteristics of germination and growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii using vegetation-plant in rock slopes. After making up a growing basis of approximately 20-cm depth and 10-cm diameter by using a boring machine, the surface of rock slopes was planted with vegetation-plant. The number of germinating populations by soil media was 41 in H.s, 4 in T.s, 3 in M.s, and 0 in M.g.s. The germination rate (%) by soil media was 20.0% in H.s, 3.3% in T.s, 2.5% in M.s and 0% in M.g.s. In monthly changes of growth rate, the aspect was northwest direction, the soil media was H.s, and the treatment was microorganism plot. The main factors affecting survivorship and growth of population were soil media and treatment plot. The interaction between each factor had a good effects in bearing x treatment plot, soil media x treatment plot. but, it is recommended that the mulching of vegetation plant is highly needed to help the germination of seed and growth of vegetation because of loss of seed and soil media occurred due to rainfall. Therefore, The result suggests that the revegetation technique using boring in rock slope was very efficient in respect of the early revegetation and the landscape.