• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.483-496
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• 1993

Dentin hypersensitivity medicaments such as Gluma, Scotchbond 2, All-Bond 2, which are resin adhesives, were used to compare the sealing effects of dentinal tubule under mechanical stress. Topical application of above medicaments on the dentin surfaces of extracted teeth followed by artificial tooth brushing for 6 weeks was performed for the comparison. The following conclusions on the degree of dentinal tubule exposure versus time by were reached by using polyvinyl siloxane impression material for taking the impression, epoxy resin for the duplication and SEM for observing the surface. 1. SEM was used to compare the accuracy of the duplicated surface, but no differences were found when teeth samples and the duplicated surfaces were observed. 2. After comparing the degree of dentinal tubules exposure with varnish applied contrast group, resin adhesive materials showed much less exposure as time went by. 3. The results indicated that AU-Bond 2 adhesive, under mechanical stress, showed lesser exposure of dentinal tubules comparing with Gluma and Scotchbond 2 adhesives After the results were put together, it was demonstrated that resin replica method is an useful way to evaluate the treatment effects of the dentinal tubule hypersensitivity medicaments. Also, it was noticed that under mechanical stress, All-Bond 2, classified as fourth generation, illustrated the best dentinal tubules sealing effects.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.321-338
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moistening and air-drying of acid conditioned dentin and enamel on the marginal microleakage. In this study, Class V cavity were prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of sixty extracted human premolars with cementum margin. These specimens were randomly devided into three groups and three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3) were applied to each group. The specimens in each group were subdevided into four groups (Wet/primed, Dry/primed, Wet/not primed, Dry/not primed) and the etched dentin and enamel surface were treated these four surface treatments prior to the placement of a bonding agent or adhesive. Wet/primed group was simply blot-dried with a damp facial tissue before primer placement ; Dry/primed group was air dried for 30 seconds before the placement of a primer ; Wet/not primed group and Dry/not primed group were not primed after blot dried and air dried for 30 seconds each group. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycle of thermal stress. Specimens were placed in a silver nitrate solution and then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration. The dye penetrations of the specimens were observed with a stereo microscope. The statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The aspects of silver ion penetration into the resin/dentin interface were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly lower leakage value than the cementum margin (p<0.05). 2. Regardless of various surface treatment and dentin adhesives, there was no significant difference at the enamel margins (p>0.05). 3. At the dentin margins, the leakage values of Dry/not primed group showed significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The leakage values of Wet/primed group showed significantly lower than that of the other groups, but, there was no significant difference between Wet group and Dry group. 4. There was no significantly difference between the dentin adhesives regarding the surface treatments in all groups(p>0.05). 5. On the backscatterd scanning electron microscopy observation, the penetration of the silver ion occured at the bonding resin/dentin interface. In the Wet/primed group, resindentin hybrid zone and resin penetration into the dentin was observed. The resin tags were compactively formed to a thickness of $3\sim4{\mu}m$ at the upper part of dentinal tubules. In the Dry/primed group, the thickness of the hybrid zone and the diameter, depth of the resin tags diminished. In the Non-primed groups, the hybrid zone was not identified and few resin tag was observed. There was the gap formation in the resin/dentin interface.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.112-124
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• 1997

According to extensive use of composite resin which have superior esthetic property, every effort on improving bonding strength between a tooth and composite resin has been continued. Acid etching technique is a method that micro-etches the tooth surface which provides bonding with composite resin possible. Recently, there were several reports that mechanical treatment obtained from air-abrasion can provide similar bonding strength with acid etching technique. So, this experimental study was designed to compare the shear bonding strength between using air-abrasion technique and using acid etching technique. Initially, bovine teeth were divided into enamel and dentin experimental groups. Respectively each group was categorized into three subgroups. One subgroup was acid etched with 35% phosphoric acid, then bonded with composite resin. The other subgroup was air-abraded with $50{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ particles sprayed with 160psi air pressure using air abrasion unit(KCP-1000, A.D.T., U.SA), and composite resin was bonded. In another subgroup, composite resin was bonded after acid etching following air-abrasion. So, enamel experimental groups were made of E1 (acid etched only), E2(air-abraded only), E3(acid etched following air-abraded), and dentin experimental groups were made of D1(acid etched only), D2(air-abraded only), D3(acid etched following air-abraded). Each subgroup had 10 specimens. Dentin bonding system(Scotchbond Multi-purpose, 3M Co., U.S.A.) and composite resin(Z-100, 3M Co., U.S.A.) were applied on treated surface using 5mm diameter gelatin capsule as manufacturer's direction. After 1200 times thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, shear bond strength was measured in 5mm/min crosshead speed with Instron(Instron Co., U.S.A.), and also treated enamel and dentin were observed with SEM(JEOL Co., Japan). The following results were obtained: 1. In the enamel experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 2. In the dentin experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 3. In the SEM study, air-abraded enamel and dentin had irregular and rough surfaces.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2015

This paper reflects on the state of the art of two kinds of tooth hard tissue (enamel and dentin) bonding with resin cement. After presenting composition of resin cement, concepts of enamel bonding and resin bonding are addressed. Special attention is devoted to the concept and advantage of self-etching technique. Finally, recommended clinical performance regarding bonding to tooth with resin cement is summarized.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resin infiltration into dentin of one-bottle adhesive systems and self-etching primer bonded to Class V cavities using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). Material and Methods : Forty Class V cavities were prepared from freshly extracted caries-free Human teeth. These teeth were divided into two groups based on the presence of cervical abrasion: Group I, cervical abrasion : Group II, wedge-shaped cavity preparation. Resin-dentin interfaces were produced with two one-bottle dentin bonding systems-ONE COAT BOND(OCB; Coltene$^R$) and Syntac$^R$SPrint$^{TM}$(SS; VIVADENT)-, one self-etching priming system-CLEARFIL$^{TM}$ SE BOND (SB : KURARAY)- and one multi-step dentin bonding system-Scotchbond$^{TM}$Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M Dental Products)-as control according to manufacturers' instructions. Cavities were restored with Spectrum$^{R}$(Dentsply). Specimens were immersed in saline for 24 hours and sectioned longitudinally with a low-speed diamond disc. The resin-dentin interfaces were microscopically observed using CLSM. The quality of resin-infiltrated dentin layers were evaluated by five dentists using 0~4 scale. Results : Confocal laser scanning microscopal investigations using primer labeled with rhodamine B showed that the penetration of the primer occurred along the cavity margins. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range test revealed that the primer penetration of the group 2(wedge-shaped cavity preparation) was more effective than group 1(cervical abrasion) and that of the gingival interfaces was more effective than the occlusal interfaces. In the one-bottle dentin bonding systems, the resin penetration score of OCB was compatible to SBMP, but those of SS and self-etching priming system, SB were lower than SBMP.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.550-560
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• 2000

In this study, shear bond strength of two bonding systems were measured and appearance of dentin surfaces were observed with SEM according to the storage time of eugenol on dentin surface, thus evaluated the effect of eugenol on bond strength of two dentin bonding systems. Control groups were directly bonded to dentin surface with One Step, Prime & Bond 2.1. Experimental groups were divided into experimental I and II according to dentin bonding agents. After eugenol application, dentin surfaces were bonded with One Step and Prime & Bond 2.1 according to the each storage time of immediately, 3min, 24hour, 48hour and 1week, and then control and experimental groups were filled with light cured composite resin(Z-100). After 24 hours water storage at $37^{\circ}C$, all samples were subjected to a shear load to fracture at a cross head 1.0mm/min with Instron universal testing machine(No. 4467). Etched dentin surface storaged for each time of immediately, 3min, 24hour, 48hour and 1 week after eugenol application were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope(Hitachi S-2300) at 20kvp. The data were evaluated statistically with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. The results were as follows; 1. Shear bond strengths were higher in control groups than in the experimental groups. 2. As storage time was increased after eugenol application, the shear bond strengths were decreased in experimental groups. 3. In experimental I, II the shear bond strengths were the lowest in which storage time was 1 week after eugenol application. 4. As storage time was increased after eugenol application, etched dentin surfaces showed obstructed dentinal tubule.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.385-399
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• 1997

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of etching with a Nd : YAG Laser on dentin, or porcelain surface on the bond strength with composite resin. The dentin specimens were devided into the following 4 groups. D1 : No treatment D2 : Etched with 10% phosphoric acid D3 : Laser etchded with 1W, 20PPs D4 : Laser etched with 2W, 20PPS The procelain specimens were devided into the following 4 groups. P1 : diamond roughened P2 : etched with HF acid P3 : Laser etched with 2W, 20PPS P4 : Laser etched with 3W, 20PPS All specimens were veneered with resin. One half of the specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ water for one day and the other half were thermocycled 1000 times at temperature of $5^{\circ}C\;to\;55^{\circ}C$ at 20 seconds intervals. After that, the bonding strength of composite resin to the dentin and porcelain was measured. The surface treated state and fractured state were observed with SEM. The following results were obtained. 1. In the dentin specimens, the bond strength of group D2 was highter than that of groups D1 and D3 in the case of the specimens stored in $37^{\circ}C$ water for one day, there was a statistically significant difference between group D2 and D1, D3 (P<0.05). The bonding strength of the specimens that were thermocycled decreased in the following order : group D2,D4,D3 and then D1. 2. In the porcelain specimens, the bonding strength of groups P1,P2 were higher than that of group P3 in the case of the specimens stored in $37^{\circ}C$ water for one day (P<0.05). The bonding strength of the specimens of being thermocycled decreased in the following order : group P2,P1,P4 and then P3. 3. The groups of high bond strength had a rougher surface and a high level of microporosity with SEM findings.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.319-324
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Adhesives in dentistry playa major role in the success of restorative treatments. In the treatment of all ceramic restoration it is needed to find the adequate bond strength between enamel and dentin. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to extracted human uncut enamel, cut enamel, and dentin in vitro. Material and methods. Ten freshly extracted anterior teeth without any previous restorative treatments were chosen. The extracted teeth were embedded in PMMA cold acrylic in the shape of a cylinder, 25 mm in diameter by 25 mm in height. The bonding system used was as follow: Uni-Etch (32% phosphoric acid), One-Step adhesive, Duolink resin cement. The specimens were acid etched and rinsed with water. Two layers of One-Step adhesive were coated with a disposable brush on the uncut enamel. VIP curing light at $500mV/cm^2$ was used to cure the adhesive. For cut enamel shear bond test, the specimen used for uncut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.3{\sim}0.5mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.3 mm in depth). The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit SiC paper and cleaned with distilled water. The bonding procedure on the cut enamel was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. For dentin bonding test, the specimen used for cut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.5mm{\sim}1.0mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.5 mm in depth of diamond cutting). The amount of reduction was evaluated with the silicone mold. The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit silicon carbon paper and cleaned in distilled water. The bonding procedure on the dentin was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. All samples were mounted and secured on the Ultradent shear bond test sample holder, and Ultradent restricted shear bond testing device was used with Universal Instron machine until fracture. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed comparing the result at P<0.05. Multiple comparison (Tukey) was used to compare each groups. Result. The result showed that the mean value in shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to uncut enamel, cut enamel and dentin were 27.04 Mpa, 30.25 Mpa and 26.39 Mpa with respect. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, the mean value of the shear bond strength of cut enamel was higher than those of uncut enamel or dentin. However there existed no statistical differences between three different human dentition substrates due to increased adhesive characteristics.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.581-592
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemo-mechanical caries removal system($Carisolv^{TM}$, Medi Team, Sweden) for resin adhesion to carious primary and permanent dentin compared with conventional drilling method. The buccal surface of 92 primary molars and 92 permanent molars were used. Exposed dentins were occurred artificial caries. 32 tooth of primary molars and 32 tooth of permanent molars were prepared to observe treated dentin surface with $Carisolv^{TM}$ and conventional drilling method by SEM. Other tooth were prepared to measure resin-dentin shear bonding strength according to caries removal methods and dentin adhesive system. Two adhesive systems and a composite resin were used; single bonding agent(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M) and self-etching bonding system(Prompt L-pop, 3M ESPE), and a composite resin (Z-250, 3M). The results were as follows : 1. The removal effect of carious dentin on $Carisolv^{TM}$ was stronger on the primary dentin than that to permanent dentin, and dentin surface became rougher with treated $Carisolv^{TM}$ than drilling method. 2. Acid-etched dentin surfaces were showed smoothening without smear layer. 3. In specimen applied single bonding system hybrid layer and adhesive layer were $2-4{\mu}m$ and $10-15{\mu}m$ in thickness, whereas self-etching bonding system were showed only thin hybrid layer($1-2{\mu}m$). 4. The shear bonding strength of group applied single bonding agent was higher than that applied self-etching priming system(P<0.05). 5. The shear bonding strength of group applied $Carisolv^{TM}$ and self-etching priming system were slightly higher than that applied conventional drilling method and self-etching priming system(P>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.227-241
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• 1996

The effect of collagen dissolution in acid conditioned dentin was morphologically examined by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 18 freshly extracted human molars and dentin bonding systems of All Bond 2, Scotchbond Multipurpose, Superbond D-Liner were used in this study. For SEM preparation, each 3 of ~ exposed dentin surfaces were acid conditioned by using various acids within the above three bonding systems respectively. After acid conditioning of the other 3 exposed dentin surfaces as above, they were treated with 1.7% NaOCl for 2 minutes. The remaining 3 dentin surfaces were acid conditioned and treated with 3.3 % NaOCl for 2 minutes. All of the specimens were then fixed in 4 % glutaraldehyde for 12 h at $4^{\circ}C$ and dehydrated in ethanols grades from 50 % to 100 %, then surface changes of the specimens were observed by using SEM. For TEM preparation, exposed dentin surfaces were acid conditioned with the same acid as SEM specimens and treated with 1.7%, 3.3 % NaOCl respectively, then applied with corresponding bonding agents. After the procedures were finished, composite resin were applied on the dentin surfaces and light cured. Small, rectangular sticks with end dimensions of approximately 1 by 1 mm were sectioned and further sample preparative techniques for transmission electron microscopy were performed in accordance with the procedures used for ultrastructural TEM observations of calcified tissues. The results were as follows : 1. In the 1.7 % NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the porous dentin surface of intertubular dentin and wide opening of dentinal tubules were appeared. And there were fine irregularities on the intertubular dentin, indicating a clear difference as compared with the acid conditioned specimens. 2. In the 3.3% NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the intertubular dentin was further eroded causing a more porous and wider opening of dentinal tubules. Moreover, sharp irregularities on the intertubular dentin were more evident than those of acid conditioned and 1.7% NaOCl retreated specimens. 3. In all of the acid conditioned specimens, the resin-dentin hybrid layer of approximately 3.5mm thickness was formed and the collapsed collagen layer was observed on the uppermost part of hybrid layer in the specimens applied with All Bond 2. The collgen fibrils of intertubular dentin in specimens applied with Scotchbond Multipurpose were running perpendicular to the interface, and electron dense black layer demarcated from the deep unaltered dentin was more evident in the specimen applied with Superbond D-Liner than any other specimens. 4. In the 1.7 % NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the resin-dentin hybrid layer of approximately 2.5-3.0mm thickness was formed and the collapsed collagen layer and longitudinally running collagen fibrils as shown in the acid conditioned specimens were observed in the specimens applied with All Bond 2 and Superbond D-Liner. 5. In all of the 3.3% NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the evidence of resin-dentin hybrid layer was not identified ; nevertheless, the longitudinally running collagen fibrils remained slightly in the specimens applied with All Bond 2.