• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.289-302
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to estimate the shear bond strength and observe the fractured and interfacial surfaces of various dentin bonding agents used conjunction with a visible light cured composite. The senentytwo human premolars and molars extracted due to periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used and randomely divided into six groups. All the prepared dentin surfaces were treated with Superbond D-liner, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All-Bond 2 and Prisma Universal Bond 3 accroding to the manufacturer's instructions. Six specimens were then demineralized in 10 % HCl for 24 hours and the other six specimens were not demineralized in order to observe the interfacial surfaces with Hitachi X-450 SEM at 25Kv. Also shear bond strength were obtained using an Instron Testing Machine with a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. The following results were obtained : 1. Although shear bond strength of Superbond D-Liner(17.35 MPa) and Scotch-bond Multi-Purpose group(17.29 MPa) were higher than the All-Bond 2(12.80 MPa) and Prisma Universial Bond 3 (13.43 MPa), there were no significant statistic differences in the shear bond strength between 4 groups.(P<0.05) As a result of etching to dentin in Prism a Universial BOND 3 experimentally, the resin tag was formed, but shear bond strength was decreased. 2. The resin tag into the opened dentinal tubule was formed in Superbond D-Liner, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All-Bond 2(etching) and Prisma Universial Bond 3(etching), but not in the All-Bone 2 and Prism a Universial Bond 3(non-etching). 3. Strong, durable bonds between dentin and dentinal bonding agents are essential, not only resin tag into the dentinal tubules, but also hybrid layer.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.680-692
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• 1997

New bonding agent systems have been supplied which operators can simply apply to conditioned tooth surfaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths and the microleakages of three bonding agents and composite resins to dentin. Seventy-five extracted human maxillary and mandibular molar teeth were used in this study. For the shear bond strength test, the entire occlusal dentin surfaces of thirty teeth were exposed with Diamond Wheel Saw and smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine (South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A). For the microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of fourtyfive teeth. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups according to dentin bonding agents ($Scotchbond^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus, ONE-$STEP^{TM}$ and Prime & $Bond^{TM}$)and composite resins (Z-100, $Aelitefil^{TM}$ and TPH $Spectrum^{TM}$) to be used. Bonding agents and composite resins were bonded to exposed dentin surfaces of the tooth crown and to Class V cavities on the buccal surfaces respectively according to manufacturer's directions. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine($U^{TM}$ AGS-100, Japan). In addition, the degree of micro leakage at the occlusal and gingival margin was examined by 2 % methylene blue and stereomicroscope(Olymous SZH 10, Japan). The results were as follows: 1. The shear bond strength to dentin was the highest value in SBMP-Plus group($16.68{\pm}7.38$ MPa) and the lowest value in Prime & Bond group($11.61{\pm}5.82$ MPa), but there was no significant difference of shear bond strength among three groups. 2. The degree of microleakage at both occlusal and gingival margin was showed the lowest in SBMP-Plus group and the highest in ONE-STEP group. 3. At both occlusal and gingival margin, there was significant difference of microleakage between SBMP-Plus and ONE-STEP/ Prime & Bond groups(p<0.05), but no significant difference of microleakage between ONE-STEP and Prime & Bond group(p>0.05).

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.446-453
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• 2015

PURPOSE. To compare the push-out bond strength of feldspar and zirconia-based ceramic inlays bonded to dentin with different resin cements following simulated aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Occlusal cavities in 80 extracted molars were restored in 2 groups (n=40) with CAD/CAM feldspar (Vitablocs Trilux forte) (FP) and zirconia-based (Ceramill Zi) (ZR) ceramic inlays. The fabricated inlays were luted in 2 subgroups (n=20) with either etch-and-bond (RelyX Ultimate Clicker) (EB) or self-adhesive (RelyX Unicem Aplicap) (SA) resin cement. Ten inlays in each subgroup were subjected to 3,500 thermal cycles and 24,000 loading cycles, while the other 10 served as control. Horizontal 3 mm thick specimens were cut out of the restored teeth for push out bond strength testing. Bond strength data were statistically analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's comparisons at ${\alpha}=.05$. The mode of ceramic-cement-dentin bond failure for each specimen was also assessed. RESULTS. No statistically significant differences were noticed between FP and ZR bond strength to dentin in all subgroups (ANOVA, P=.05113). No differences were noticed between EB and SA (Tukey's, P>.05) bonded to either type of ceramics. Both adhesive and mixed modes of bond failure were dominant for non-aged inlays. Simulated aging had no significant effect on bond strength values (Tukey's, P>.05) of all ceramic-cement combinations although the adhesive mode of bond failure became more common (60-80%) in aged inlays. CONCLUSION. The suggested cement-ceramic combinations offer comparable bonding performance to dentin substrate either before or after simulated aging that seems to have no adverse effect on the achieved bond.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.240-250
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different etching time on the shear bond strength and adaptibility of composite to enamel and dentin when used one-bottle adhesive Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0. The proximal and occlusal surfaces of 88 extracted human molars were ground to expose enamel(n=44) and dentin (=44) using diamond wheel saw. Teeth were randomly assigned to four test groups(n=11) and received the following treatments : Control group were conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid for 20 sec. according to the manufacturer's directions. Experimental 10 sec. group, 30 sec. group and 60 sec. group were conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid for 10 sec., 30 sec. and 60 sec., respectively. Teeth were rinsed and dried for 2 sec. Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0 were applied according to the manufacturer's directions and Spectrum$^{TM}$ TPH composite resins were bonded to enamel and dentin surfaces. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours. Eighty specimens were sheared in a Universal Testing Machine with a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute. One way ANOVA and LSD test were used for statistical analysis of the data. Failure modes of all specimens after shear bond strength test were examined and listed. Also, representive postfracture modes and eight specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in 30 sec. group (20.68${\pm}$8.54MPa) and the lowest value in 10 sec. group (14.92${\pm}$6.07MPa), so there was significant difference of shear bond strength between two groups (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference among other groups (p>0.05). With longer etching time to enamel from 10 sec. to 30 sec., higher the shear bond strength was obtained, but the shear bond strength was decreased at 60 sec. etching time. 2. The shear bond strength to dentin was the highest value in control group (13.08${\pm}$6.25MPa) and the lowest value in 60 sec. group (9.47${\pm}$3.35MPa), but there was no significant difference among the all groups (p>0.05). The eching time over 20 sec. decreased the shear bond strength to dentin. 3. In SEM observation, the enamel and resin interfaces were showed close adaptation with no relation to etching time of enamel. And the dentin and resin interfaces were showed close adaptation at 20 sec. and 30 sec. etching time, but showed some gaps at 10 sec. and 60 sec. etching time. Accordingly, these results indicated that a appropriate etching time in Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0 was required to be 30 sec. in enamel and 20 sec. in dentin for the high shear bond strength and good adaptation between the composite resin and tooth substance.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.450-460
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strength of composite resin using several dentin bonding agents and light cured glass ionomer cement(Fuji II LC). 40 Bovine primary anterior teeth were used for this experiment. Labial surface of teeth were flattened. It were divided into four groups. Each group was composed of 10 teeth. The material used for this experiment were Scotchbond Multipurpose-Z-100, Allbond 2-Aelitefil, Gluma-Pekalux, light cured glass ionomer cement(Fuji II LC). Each of the materials was applied to the exposed surfaces of 10 teeth by insertion into a cylindrical shaped matrix which is 3mm diameter and 3mm in height. The completed specimens were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ under 100% humidity for 24 hours : the shear bond strength of each material to dentin surface were measured with INSTRON universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. Shear bond strength to dentin surface increased in order of light cured glass ionomer cement(Fuji II LC), Gluma, Allbond 2, Scotchbond Multipurpose. 2. Between shear bond strength of light cured glass ionomer cement(Fuji II LC) and Allbond 2, there was statistical significace(p<0.05) 3. Between shear bond strength of light cured glass ionomer cement(Fuji II LC) and Scotchbond Multipurpose, between shear bond strength of Gluma and Scotchbond Multipurpose, there was statistical significance.(p<0.01) The shear bond strength of dentin bonding agents were higher than light cured glass ionomer cement. The reason is that materials and quality of dentin bonding agent were enhanced. Further investigation is necessary to improve shear bond strength of light cured glass ionomer cement.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This study was aimed to evaluate effect of the desensitizing pretreatments on the micro-tensile bond strengths (${\mu}TBS$) to eroded dentin and sound dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty-two extracted molars were prepared to form a flat dentin surface, and then they were divided into two groups. Group I was stored in distilled water while group II was subjected to a pH cycling. Each group was then subdivided into three subgroups according to desensitizing pretreatment used: a) pretreatment with desensitizer (Gluma); b) pretreatment with $CO_2$ Laser (Ultra Dream Pluse); c) without any pretreatment. All prepared surfaces were bonded with Single Bond 2 and built up with resin composite (Filtek Z250). The micro-tensile bond test was performed. Fracture modes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy. Pretreated surfaces and bonded interfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data obtained was analyzed by two-way ANOVA (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. For both sound and eroded dentin, samples treated with desensitizer showed the greatest ${\mu}TBS$, followed by samples without any treatment. And samples treated with $CO_2$ laser showed the lowest ${\mu}TBS$. SEM study indicated that teeth with eroded dentin appeared prone to debonding, as demonstrated by existence of large gaps between adhesive layers and dentin. CONCLUSION. Pretreatment with Gluma increased the ${\mu}TBS$ of Single Bond 2 for eroded and sound teeth. $CO_2$ laser irradiation weakened bond performance for sound teeth but had no effect on eroded teeth.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.602-618
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acid treatment of fluoride applied dentin surface with various concentrations of phosphoric acid for various periods of time on dentin bonding. Dentin specimens prepared from freshly extracted bovine mandibular anterior teeth were divided into fluoridated and nonfluoridated groups. Specimens of nonfluoridated group were pretreated with 10% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds. Those of fluoridated groups were treated with 2% sodium fluoride or 2% stannous fluoride solution for 5 minutes and stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 3 days, followed by phosphoric acid treatment. The concentrations of phosphoric acid were 10%, 32% or 50% and the treatment periods of time were 15, 30 or 60 seconds. All the specimens were bonded with All Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 and Bisfil$^{TM}$ composite resin. After bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, tensile bond strengths of each specimens were measured and the pretreated dentin and the fractured dentin surfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : The tensile bond strengths from the fluoridated groups were significantly lower than those from the nonfluoridated group when the concentrations of phosphoric acid and the treatment periods of time were equal in all the groups (p<0.05). In general, the higher the concentration of phosphoric acid and the longer the treatment period of time for acid etching on the fluoride applied dentin surface, the higher were the bond strength values. Recovery of bond strength of the dentin bonding agent was better in the NaF applied group than in the $SnF_2$ applied one. SEM findings of NaF applied and $SnF_2$ applied dentin surfaces demonstrated reaction product-covered and partially or completely obstructed dentinal tubules. SEM findings of dentin surfaces fluoridated for 5 minutes followed by etching showed wider tubular openings and more clean dentin surfaces when dentin was etched with higher concentration of phosphoric acid for longer period of time. On the SEM observations of the fractured dentin-resin interface, the etched specimens of fluoridated group showed an adhesive failure mode when the concentration of phosphoric acid and the treatment period of time were same as in the nonfluoridated group. As the concentration of phosphoric acid and the treatment period of time increase during acid etching, the cohesive failure area increased. However, excessive acid etching caused adhesive failure.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.685-698
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• 1995

Temporary cement가 상아질 접착제의 접착 성능에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 소의 하악 전치 100개를 사용하여 순면의 상아질을 노출 시키고 유지놀을 함유하지 않은 Nogenol 및 TempBond NE와 유지놀을 함유한 TempBond 및 산화아연 유지놀세멘트를 각각 도포하여 7일 경과 후 제거하였다. All-Bond 2 및 SuperBond C&B 상아질 접착제를 제조회사의 지시대로 사용하여 접착시킨뒤 $37^{\circ}C$ 항온조에서 24시간 보관 후 인장접착강도를 측정하고, 응집 파단율을 산정하였다. 그리고 temporary cement를 적용하지 않은 상아질면과 temporary cement를 도포하였다가 제거한 상아질면에 10% 인산 수용액 및 10% 구연산 수용액으로 각각 산처리한 상아질 표면성상과 접착실험후의 파단면을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. All-Bond 2로 접착시킨 경우에 는 사용한 temporary cement의 종류에 관계없이 실험군의 인장접착강도가 temporary cement를 사용하지 않은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타냈으나(p<0.05), Super-Bond C&B로 접착시킨 경우에는 유의한 차이가 없었다.(p>0.05). 2. 유지놀을 함유하는 temporary cement와 유지놀을 함유하지 않는 temporary cement를 각각 적용한 실험군들의 인장접착 강도 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다.(P>O.05). 3. 응집파단율 산정결과 All-Bond 2로 접착 시킨 경우에는 대조군에서 응집-부착성의 혼합파단양상이，실험군에서는 부착성 파단양상이 주로 나타났으나, Super-Bond C&B로 접착 시킨 경우에는 대조군과 실험군 모두에서 용접성파단양상이 우세하게 나타났다. 4. 주사전자현미경적 관찰상에서 temporary cement의 종류에 관계없이 temporary cement를 도포한후 제거하고 10% 인산 수용액 또는 10-3 용액으로 전처리한 모든 시편에서 미세한 temporary cement의 잔존물을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.504-514
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• 2004

LED 광중합기(Elipar FreeLight, 3M-ESPE)와 할로겐 광중합기(VIP Bisco)로 광조사한 수종의 상아질 접착제에 대해서 상아질 전단접착강도를 비교하였다 또한 이번 연구의 광학적 근거를 얻기 위해 두 광중합기의 파장에 따른 광강도와 스펙트럼을 비교하였다. 이번 연구에서 사용된 상아질 접착제는 Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M ESPE), Single Bond (3M ESPE). One-Step (Bisco), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), Adper Prompt (3M ESPE) 이다. VIP는 487 nm에서 최대정점을 가지는 넓은 스펙트럼의 분포를 보이는 반면에, Elipar FreeLight는 465 nm에서의 최대정점을 중심으로 좁은 스펙트럼의 분포를 보였다. Clearfil SE bond를 제외하고 할로겐과 LED로 광조사 한 각 상아질 접착제에서 상아질 전단접착강도값의 유의성 있는 차이는 보이지 않았다 (P > 0.05). 이러한 결과는 camphoroquinone의 흡수스펙트럼과 LED의 좁은 영역의 스펙트럼사이에 강한 연관성으로 설명할 수 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2001

In order to know the effect of dentin bonding agents on the restoration of cervical abrasion, Scotchbond Multipurpose Single Bond and Clearfil Liner Bond 2 were used in 51 teeth with abrasion lesion and normal teeth. The surface structure and dentinal tubules of acid etched dentin and resin replica were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The interfacial morphology between dentin and adhesives was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Following results were obtained. 1. The hybrid layer and resin tag of the dentin showing cross-sectional surface of dentinal tubules are thicker and longer than those of dentin showing oblique surface of dentinal tubules. 2. The sclerotic cast was frequently observed in dentinal tubule, and the cast looked like cuboidal or rhomboidal-shaped crystals clumped from outer side to inner side. 3. The formation of hybrid layer and resin tag was the most prominent in Scotchbond Multipurpose group, whereas Clearfil Liner Bond 2 group showed very poor formation. The formation of hybrid layer and resin tag in Single Bond group was less than Scotchbond Multipurpose group.