• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.115-121
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• 1988

Although Saponin A from Panax ginseng has previously been shown to inhibit carageenin induced edema. a paucity of information exists on the effects of components from ginseng on the cellular inflammatory response. specifically polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function. The purpose of this study was 10 determine the effects of isolated neutral dammarane saponins from ginseng (i.e..glycosidic derivatives of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol [ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2$ and Rc] and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol [ginsenosides Re and $Rg_1$]) on in vivo PMNL function and to compare their effects with those produced by a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone) and commercially available saponin. Dexamethasone. the ginsenosides and saponin were all shown to he potent inhibitors of PMNL chemotaxis using the $^{51}Cr$ assay with $5{\times}10^{-8}M$ f-met-leu-phe [FMLP] as the chemoattractant. Inhibition or PMNL chemotaxis by dexamethasone. the ginsenosides and saponin were all shown to be both time-and dose-dependent and these agents did not affect cellular viability at the concentrations tested Saponin and the ginsenosides were more potent inhibitors of chemotaxis than was dexamethasone. while oxidant generation (as measured by the luminol-enhaneed chemil-uminescence of PMNL using FMNL $[10^{-6}]$ as the stimulus) was inhibited by dexamethasone. the ginsenosides $(Rb_1\;Rb_2\;Rc\;Re\;and\;Rg_1)$ and saponin at a concentration of 1 ${\mu}M$ had no significant effect on PMNL chemiluminescence. Thus. the neutral dammarane saponins are potentially important modulators or PMNL function and their inhibitory effects may he differentiated from those of the Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.7-34
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• 2018

Purpose: The purposes of this research were to study the validity of the National Examination based on smart based test(SBT) by 7 types of healthcare occupation. Methods: We conducted a questionnaires survey among 1,219 people including 210 professors for all 7 types of healthcare occupation and 573 clinical specialists ; 436 students from random sampling participated and the reliability of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Results: Professors from 7 types of healthcare occupation were investigated for their opinions on the introduction of the SBT system ; 65.9% of the professors answered positively on the introduction of the SBT National Examination System, while 40.1% of the clinical experts answered likewise. In particular, professors and the clinical experts recognized altogether that the multimedia questionnaire, being effective for the evaluation of clinical and practical competence of the subjects, enabling the evaluation of various areas and strengthening the school education in clinical practices, the 42.0% of the students from 7 departments answered that the future direction of the national test is in the SBT test system with significant difference (p=.000) found in students majoring in order of Emergency Medical Services, Radiology and Physical therapy, compared to students from other majors, showing the positive response to the SBT system. Conclusion: The results of this study comprehensively evaluated the positive recognition of development of multimedia items and SBT system in national examination of 7 types of healthcare occupation in professors, field specialists and students.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.218-226
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• 2019

In old age, measures to cope with the natural phenomenon of aging and various diseases of the elderly due to the deterioration of physical function are also a challenge for this society. While interest in systematic health is increasing, it is true that awareness and interest in oral-related diseases is relatively lacking. This study aims to present basic data necessary to improve the quality of life for senior citizens aged 65 or older by improving the oral dryness caused by systemic health. By research method, improve oral dryness caused by whole-body health with the elderly over 65 and promote their oral health, inducing the increase of the salivary flow rate through oral health care education, oral exercise, and salivary gland massage. First, on the DMSQ according to the general characteristics of the elderly, the recognition of the whole body and oral health status, independent sample t-test and One-way ANOVA were conducted. Second, on changes in the salivary flow rate and saliva pH according to the general characteristics of the elderly, recognition of oral and whole-body health status, and whole-body health, paired samples t-test was conducted. Studies have shown that salivary gland flow increased significantly after oral exercise and salivary gland massage, the salivary flow rate significantly increased. In all variables of the recognition of the oral health status, the salivary flow rate increased after oral exercise and salivary gland massage, and in the whole-body health, regardless of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and osteoporosis, the salivary flow rate increased after oral exercise and salivary gland massage, and the salivary flow rate increased after oral exercise and salivary gland massage if the subjects responded that they did not have thyroid abnormality, anemia, abnormalities of breathing, hypotension, gastrointestinal disturbance, or kidney diseases. As a comprehensive analysis of this study, many felt oral dryness when they had a problem with the whole-body health, and many felt oral dryness when they had a problem with oral health cognition. After applying oral exercise and salivary gland massage as intervention methods in the oral health care for the elderly, the salivary flow rate significantly increased, and it is judged that the methods were very effective for controlling oral dryness. Furthermore, it is judged that the factors affecting oral health, whole-body health, and oral dryness would be identified, which would be helpful for the promotion of whole-body health and oral health. It is judged that continuous research would be needed so that measures for the application of the oral care program and system for the elderly would be prepared in the future.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2020

The chemical investigation of the methanolic crude extract of leaves of Diospyros iturensis gave us 15 known secondary metabolites identified as mixture of α-amyrenone (1) and β-amyrenone (2), β-amyrin (3), mixture of β-sitosterol (4) and stigmasterol (5), betulin (6), uvaol (7), betulinic acid (8), ursolic acid (9), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11),11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12), bergenin (13) and mixture of stigmasterol glucoside (14) and β-sitosterol glucoside (15) respectively. The structures of secondary metabolites were elucidated with the help of NMR and mass spectral data and by comparison of their spectral data with literature. Among the fifteen isolated compounds, four compounds were identified for the first time in Diospyros genus. These included uvaol (7), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11) and 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12). Crude methanolic extract of leaves and four isolated compounds including betulin (6), betulinic acid (8), 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines CAL-27 and NCI-H460 by the MTT assay, antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity against the lipoxygenase and urease enzymes, respectively. The results indicated that the methanolic crude extract of leaves exhibited moderate antioxidant activity and was inactive against the two cancer cell lines. Betulin (6), 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition with IC50 = 65.8, 85.6, 82.5 μM and IC50 = 58.5, 95.2, 76.2 μM, respectively. Furthermore, 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate urease inhibition activity with IC50 values of 45.6 μM and 49.8 μM, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2022

Close communication between clinicians and dental technicians is an important factor in providing successful prostheses. The exchange of opinions with laboratories has mainly been in the form of written prescriptions and a photos, but it has been reported that information transmission may be limited. Currently, as digital technology-based prosthesis fabrication is common, 3D image objects can be stored on the web and can be easily viewed through a mobile web browser. In this article, we introduce cases where the design of the prosthesis was improved by designing the prosthesis using CAD software and reviewing the prosthesis designed with the clinical side through a web viewer. Through this protocol, it was possible to improve the occlusal surface and crown contour, the opposing teeth condition, the size of the gingival embrasure, and the shape of pontic. The process of sharing, discussing, and modifying the prosthesis design with the clinician and technician through a web viewer contributes to reflecting the diversity of oral conditions and individualized needs, thereby helping to make functional and esthetic prostheses.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.321-331
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to establish well-dying education, well-dying culture, and industrialization for well-aging. For this, data was collected through Gallup Korea from February 1, 2021 to February 22, 2021. As a result of the study, well-dying education experience was 4.7%, and education satisfaction was surveyed with 2.88 points out of 5. As a result of analyzing the needs of well-dying education according to the age groups, the educational demands of youth and middle-aged were in the order of hospice education and information, life-sustaining medical information, and funeral information. In the case of the young old, it was in the order of hospice education and information, funeral information, and psychological overcoming related to death. In the case of the elderly, the survey was conducted in the order of hospice education and information, funeral information, and life-care related information. The perception of industrialization related to the well-dying culture was inspected in the order of the well-dying café where you can talk about life and death, the well-dying experience such as the entrance experience, and the development of travel products related to culture and art (p<0.05). Such results can be usefully utilized in the development of well-dying education programs for well aging, cultural spreading, and industrialization.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.299-309
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• 2022

YouTube videos secure the latest trends in the field and provide viewers' preferences and non-preferences. This study analyzes the discussion of death in recent YouTube videos and explores the relationship between life, well-dying, and well-aging. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the establishment of a healthy life for Koreans by exploring relevance. The survey period and target are 13 videos uploaded on YouTube from 2019 to 2021. As a result of the investigation, it was possible to encompass 25 speakers who were discussing death centered on doctors. Video speakers in charge of various areas conducted various discussions on death from the perspective of experts. The key points are the true value of life, death that you don't need to fear, the importance of hope, the naturalness of death, etc. 11 expert perspectives are measured into 4 types based on 4 criteria: life, death, well-aging, and well-dying. Despite the limitations of studying 13 extracted at a specific time, this study revealed that YouTube videos are a place for free communication. It can contribute in part to maintaining and improving the health of our lives in the future and researching convergence.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.45-52
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• 2022

The purpose of this study, a self-written questionnaire was conducted on 110 people aged 65 or older to analyze the factors of meaningful activities in elderly. As a research methods were student t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted using the SPSS statistical program, and hierarchical regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting meaningful activities of the elderly. As a result of the study, the highest score was 3.95±0.64 in "I think my work (activity) with my family is rewarding." As a result of hierarchical regression analysis, the factors affecting the meaningful activities of the elderly were 'resident' in both stages 1(β=-.308, p=.002), 2(β=-.330, p=<.001), and 3(β=-.281, p=<.001), and 'age(β=-.215, p=.026)' in the second stage, indicating that the factors affecting the meaningful activities of the elderly were 'resident' and 'age'. In conclusion, it's necessary to develop and apply a systematic program that prioritizes conversation and communication while working with families for the younger elderly(65-74). In the future, it will be necessary to systematically apply various programs for meaningful activities in old age.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.463-470
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• 2023

Desmarestia tabacoides Okamura is a brown macroalgae that is found worldwide. Although several genera of Desmarestia have been reported as having anti-tumorigenic, anti-melanogenic, and photoprotective properties, the anti-inflammatory activity of D. tabacoides Okamura has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of D. tabacoides Okamura ethanol extract (DTEE) via the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E₂ production and the expression of their corresponding enzymes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In addition, their upstream signaling molecules were evaluated by Western blot analysis, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The DTEE treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE₂ production as well as the expression of their corresponding enzymes, iNOS, and COX-2 without cytotoxicity. The stimulated transcription factor NF-κB and upstream signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were attenuated by the DTEE treatment, which was statistically significant, while Akt did not provide any inhibitory effect. Moreover, the DTEE treatment significantly mitigated the LPS-activated adaptor molecules, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) in the RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that DTEE attenuates TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB activation and suppressing MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.73-82
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• 2023

Purpose : Cymbopogon citratus, also known as lemongrass, has widely spread around the world and its essential oil is usually applied in food, perfume, and other industrial purposes. In addition, C. citratus has also been used for the treatment of inflammation, digestive disorders, and diabetes in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidative activity of C. citratus ethanol extract (CCEE) was analyzed in RAW 264.7 cells through the induction of one of phase II enzymes, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 by nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf)2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Methods : The antioxidative activity of CCEE against oxidative stress and its underlying molecular mechanisms were analyzed by the cell viability assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation assay, and Western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : The results exhibited that CCEE potently attenuated tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced intracellular ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity. CCEE treatment significantly induced the expression of HO-1 which is known for its antioxidative capacity. In addition, CCEE treatment significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, a corresponding transcription factor for the regulation of antioxidative enzymes, which was in accordance with the HO-1 overexpression. MAPK and PI3K/Akt were also evaluated for their important roles in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis against oxidative damage. As a result, the potent HO-1 expression was mediated by not extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), p38, but phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation. To confirm the antioxidative activity of CCEE-induced HO-1 expression, oxidative damage was initiated by t-BHP and attenuated by CCEE treatment, which was identified by HO-1 selective inhibitor and inducer. Conclusion : Consequently, CCEE potently induced the HO-1-mediated antioxidative potential through the modulation of Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that CCEE could be a promising strategy for the mitigation against cellular oxidative damage.