• Journal of the Korea society of information convergence
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.25-29
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• 2014

In this study, it examined the effects of alcohol on the physiology of the eye and ocular function. It was measured to IOP(intraocular pressure), tear secretion, stereoscopic parallax, AC A ratio, convergence ability, divergence ability alcohol intake before and after. The results were as follows. The mean IOP before alcohol intake 15.14mmHg and the mean IOP after alcohol intake 12.8mmHg. Average decreased 15.44%. The mean tear secretion before alcohol intake 17.125mm and the mean secretion after alcohol intake 9.875mm. Average decreased 42.33%. Stereoscopic parallax has increased by about four times that 40' before alcohol intake to 165' after that. AC/A ratio has increased by 14.6% that $5.40{\Delta}/D$ before alcohol intake to $6.19{\Delta}/D$ after that. Convergence and divergence ability was no significant change in both distance and close range.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 2006

Purpose: We intended to observe the relations between Chiljehyangbuhwan and abdominal & palmar temperature according to primary dysmenorrhea severity. Methods: We selected the 100 primary dysmenorrhea patients by the screening tests (first screening test-inquiry, second screening test-clinical test. additionally WHR (Waist-to-Hip ratio) by Inbody 2.0). By the fixed blocked randomization and double blind method, Chiljehyangbuhwan or placebo was administered for 1 menstration period. Finally, 69 patients remainded. Before and after administration, we measured 4 points abdominal temperature (Chon-jung (CV17), Chung-wan(CV12), Kwan-won(CV4). Chung-guk(CV3)) by DITI(DOREX Inc., USA). And then we checked the difference of temperature $({\Delta}T)$ between CV17 and CV12/CV17 and CV4/CV17 and CV3/CV12 and CV4/CV12 and CV3. Also, we measured 2 points (palmar region, upper front of forearm) for the difference of palmar temperature $({\Delta}T)$. Then, we checked palmar temperature minus upper front of forearm temperature and took an average of right and left ${\Delta}T.$ After that. we compared ${\Delta}T$ with primary dysmenorrhea severity evaluated by VRS (verbal rating scale) and MVRS (multidimensional verbal rating scale). In dysmenorrhea severity. we standardized scale score and 3-group-severity by score (mild, moderate. severe). Besides, we compared palmar ${\Delta}T$ with abdominal ${\Delta}T$. For statistics, we used ANOVA and Spearman's rho correlations. SPSS 13.0 for windows. Results: In case of MVRS, though Chiljehyangbuhwan was correlated to abdominal ${\Delta}T$(CV12 and CV3/CV12 and CV4). it was not correlated to palmar ${\Delta}T$. In case of VRS, though Chiljehyangbuhwan was not correlated to abdominal ${\Delta}T$. it was correlated to palmar ${\Delta}T$. However. palmar ${\Delta}T$ was not correlated to abdominal ${\Delta}T$. Statistically they showed significant result (p<0.05). Conclusion: The primary dysmenorrhea patients showed that severity by MVRS was connected with abdominal ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3/CV12 and CV4) and severity by VRS was connected with palmar ${\Delta}T$ after Chiljehyangbuhwan administration. So we can consider Chiljehyangbuhwan partially effects the abdominal & palmar temperature according primary dysmenorrhea severity. However, palmar temperature was not correlated to abdominal temperature. Therefore, we need further study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2015

The multi-frequency characteristics of anchovy schools were investigated using six acoustic lines collected at 38 and 120 kHz while a primary trawl survey was conducted from 14 April and 18 April of 2014 in off the coast of Tongyeong and Geo-je. Here, the frequency characteristics mean ${\Delta}MVBS$ that is the difference of Mean Volume Backscattering Strength at two frequencies. To use the characteristics effectively, the optimal cell size ($10{\times}2m$) was determined by examining several different cell sizes in consideration with the shapes of fish schools and the ${\Delta}MVBS$ pattern. By examining 6 histograms of ${\Delta}MVBS$, afternoon groups were occupied more in the ${\Delta}MVBS$ range of -6~-4 dB than that of -4~-2 dB, comparing to morning groups. The ${\Delta}MVBS$ range of the morning groups was between -16.9 dB and 11.6 dB, and that of the afternoon groups -16.7 dB and 13.0 dB. The average and standard deviation were $-3.9{\pm}3.6$ dB in the morning and $-4.1{\pm}3.4$ dB in the afternoon, suggesting that morning groups were 2 dB higher than afternoon groups. The ${\Delta}MVBS$ range of all anchovy schools regardless of morning and afternoon was between -16.9 dB and 13.0 dB, their average ${\Delta}MVBS$ was $-4.1{\pm}3.5$ dB. The characteristics can support to identify anchovy species in the waters where multiple fish species are distributed. It is hoped that this study presents the availability and benefit of acoustic data from a primary trawl survey.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.1447-1452
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• 2003

Vortex is very interesting flow phenomena on the heat transfer enhancement. In the present study, naphthalene sublimation technique is used to determine the average and local mass transfer coefficients on the flat plate with vortex generator. A parametric study with Reynolds number and angle of attack is carried out to investigate the heat transfer enhancement. The heat transfer coefficients on the flat plate with rectangular type and delta type vortex generator are compared with those of the flat plate without the vortex generator. Comparing heat transfer coefficients between rectangular type and delta type vortex generator, rectangular type vortex generator has much higher value than delta type vortex generator at the same condition.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.205-210
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• 2001

Fatigue crack growth tests were carried out using high manganese cast steel under constant amplitude loading. Average crystal grain sizes of the material are $200{\mu}m$ and $1000{\mu}m$. For this material, ${\Delta}K_{th}$ is about $8MPa{\sqrt{m}}$ which is quiet large as compared to the general structural steels and the crack growth rate is lower than the general structural steels especilly in the low ${\Delta}K$ regsion. The reason of this behavior is crack closure due to fracture surface roughness and fretting oxide. The relationship between da/dN and the ${\Delta}K_{eq}$ was represented by narrow band regardless of the stress ratio.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2008

We have collected a batch of leaf samples at several main crossroads in Daejeon and a background site to obtain distribution of $CO_2$ (greenhouse gas) due to fossil fuel combustion. The leaf samples were treated with AAA method and ${\Delta}^{14}C$ values of them were measured using AMS. ${\Delta}^{14}C$ values of downtown sites were found to be lower by 27-102 ‰ than that of the background site, and the ratio of $CO_2$ originated from fossil fuel combustion in the atmosphere of Daejeon could be calculated from the differences of ${\Delta}^{14}C$ values. The average ${\Delta}^{14}C$ of the background site, around Kyeryong mountain, was measured to be $35{\pm}8$ ‰, and this value is lower than 66.3 ‰, which have been known as the backgdound values in USA.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.91-94
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• 2007

This research was investigated to find out the examinees' refractive problems within heterophoria using Torrington method. The number of subjects ware approximately 327 and subjects were sourced from the 12th grade student at high school in Kwang-Ju city. Result obtained shows 21.4% of emmetropia and 78.6% of ametropia. Most of refractive errors were myopia and due to it's condition, frequency of ametropia and emmetropia at the similar rate. However, one that consist of refractive problems, it's myopia contains 74.9% of heterophoria. Due to emmetropia, horizontal heterophoria have 45.7% of exophoria and 4.3% of esophoria. Myopia shows 11.4% of esophoria and 63.5% of exophoria. Hozizonda heterophoria shows 5.7% of emmetropia and myopia of 22.4%, than average of esophoria shows $4.3P{\Delta}$ and case of myopia, it was $3.4P{\Delta}$. Case of Exphoria, emmetropia have $8.8P{\Delta}$ and within myopia $8.0P{\Delta}$. Vertical heterophoria owns $2.2P{\Delta}$ within emmetropia and case of myopia $4.3P{\Delta}$ was shown. Which shows myopia result value higher than emmetropia.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.300-306
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• 2012

This study reports the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope of mummy, the preserved human time capsule from Joseon Dynasty. The stable isotopic composition of biological tissue is expected to be a direct and constant function of diet because the stable isotope ratios do not decay or change in abundance through time. Over the past three decades, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis has been extensively applied for archaeological topics. However, this is the first case in Korean mummy to extract palaeodietary information using stable isotope analysis. We extracted isotopic information from bone collagen and hair keratin, which reflects the lifetime average diet and short-term diet, respectively. The average values of ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ values are -19.0‰ and 11.4‰ (bone collagen), and -21.3‰ and 14.3‰ (hair keratin). Stable carbon isotope shows a mainly $C_3$-based diet from cradle to grave. On the other hand, there is significant difference in stable nitrogen isotope which implies a relatively enriched diet before death. We expect this study opens up a potential to understand the palaeodietary lifestyle in Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.339-343
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study, we investigated changes of phoria based on varying the color and concentration of the color in lenses. Methods: We measured distance phoria for 39 students who aged 20 to 40 with different concentrated lenes - red, gray, brown and green lenses in concentration 20%, 50% and 80%, respectively. Results: Subjects were divided into three groups which were orthophoria, esophoria and exophoria. Orthophoria in all the color and concentration, there were a few of the esophoria. Esophoria of average 2.07${\Delta}$,B.O showed that a slight increase in all colors and concentration, especially in brown lenses showed the greatest increase. Exophoria of average 3.82${\Delta}$,B.I showed that a slight decrease in all colors and concentration, especially in green lenses showed to 2.95${\Delta}$,B.I to the greatest decrease. Different concentration in same color had no specific tendency regarding phoria. Conclusions: The phoria must be considered when selecting color of the lens because of phoria is changeable by color of the lens. It is expected to study the criteria that minimize the asthenopia.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.379-393
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• 2002

Within the Boseong-Jangheung area of Korea, five hydrothermal gold (-silver) quartz vein deposits occur. They have the characteristic features as follows: the relatively gold-rich nature of e1ectrurns; the absence of Ag-Sb( -As) sulfosalt mineral; the massive and simple mineralogy of veins. They suggest that gold mineralization in this area is correlated with late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, mesothermal-type gold deposits in Korea. Fluid inclusion data show that fluid inclusions in stage I quartz of the mine area homogenize over a wide temperature range of 200$^{\circ}$ to 460$^{\circ}$C with salinities of 0.0 to 13.8 equiv. wt. % NaCI. The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in stage II calcite of the mine area ranges from 150$^{\circ}$ to 254$^{\circ}$C with salinities of 1.2 to 7.9 equiv. wt. % NaCI. This indicates a cooling of the hydrothermal fluid with time towards the waning of hydrothermal activity. Evidence of fluid boiling including CO2 effervescence indicates that pressures during entrapment of auriferous fluids in this area range up to 770 bars. Calculated sulfur isotope composition of auriferous fluids in this mine area (${\delta}^34S$_{{\Sigma}S}$$\textperthousand$) indicates an igneous source of sulfur in auriferous hydrothermal fluids. Within the Sobaegsan Massif, two representative mesothermal-type gold mine areas (Youngdong and Boseong-Jangheung areas) occur. The ${\delta}^34S values of sulfide minerals from Youngdong area range from -6.6 to 2.3$\textperthousand$ (average=-1.4$\textperthousand$, N=66), and those from BoseongJangheung area range from -0.7 to 3.6$\textperthousand$ (average=1.6$\textperthousand$, N=39). These i)34S values of both areas are comparatively lower than those of most Korean metallic ore deposits (3 to 7TEX>$\textperthousand$). And, within the Sobaegsan Massif, the ${\delta}^34S values of Youngdong area are lower than those of Boseong-Jangheung area. It is inferred that the difference of ${\delta}^34S values within the Sobaegsan Massif can be caused by either of the following mechanisms: (1) the presence of at least two distinct reservoirs (both igneous, with ${\delta}^34S values of < -6 $\textperthousand$ and 2$\pm$2 %0) for Jurassic mesothermal-type gold deposits in both areas; (2) different degrees of the mixing (assimilation) of 32S-enriched sulfur (possibly sulfur in Precambrian pelitic basement rocks) during the generation and/or subsequent ascent of magma; and/or (3) different degrees of the oxidation of an H2S-rich, magmatically derived sulfur source ${\delta}^34S = 2$\pm$2$\textperthousand$) during the ascent to mineralization sites. According to the observed differences in ore mineralogy (especially, iron-bearing ore minerals) and fluid inclusions of quartz from the mesothermal-type deposits in both areas, we conclude that pyrrhotite-rich, mesothermal-type deposits in the Youngdong area formed from higher temperatures and more reducing fluids than did pyrite(-arsenopyrite)-rich mesothermal-type deposits in the Boseong-Jangheung area. Therefore, we prefer the third mechanism than others because the ${\delta}^34S values of the Precambrian gneisses and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks occurring in both areas were not known to the present. In future, in order to elucidate the provenance of ore sulfur more systematically, we need to determine ${\delta}^34S values of the Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks consisting the basement of the Korean Peninsula including the Sobaegsan Massif.