• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.182-186
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• 2000

Chondroitin sulfates proteoglycans were isolated from human placenta. For the identification of enzymatic digestion products of isolated proteoglycan, strong anion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) was performed. By the action of chondroitin ABC and chondroitin B lyase, three unsaturated disaccharides 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-3-O-($\beta$-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose ($\delta$Di-OS), 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-3-O-($\beta$-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-su lfo-D-galactose ($\delta$Di-6S) and 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-3-O-($\beta$-D-gl uco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose ($\delta$Di-4S) were produced from the human placenta proteoglycan. The anticoagulant activity of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan was evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay and thrombin time (TT) assay. The clotting times of aPTT and TT were increased from 72 to 144 sec and 19 to 27 sec, respectively. The Immune-modulating activity of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan was examined by cell proliferation assay and these results suggest that it may play a role in suppression of the function of immune-related cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

Antioxidative activity of the extract from Caesalpinia sappan L. by various solvent was compared with several commercial antioxidants, using the Rancimat method. AI (antioxidative index; induction period of oil containing extract/induction period of control oil) of all extracts were higher than commercial antioxidants, such as BHA, ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and ascorbic acid. The ethanol extract was fractionated by liquid liquid extraction. Ethyl acetate fraction showed higher AI than the whole crude extract. When comparing POV and TBA value of palm oil and lard containing different level of each fraction, the oxidative stability of ethyl acetate fraction at 200 ppm level on palm oil and lard were similar to that of BHT at 200 ppm level, and better than BHA, ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and control.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.30-42
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• 2008

The disease-specific (dsp) region and the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes, including the hrpW, $hrpN_{Ep}$, and hrpC operons have previously been sequenced in Erwinia pyrifoliae WT3 [Shrestha et al. (2005a)]. In this study, the remaining hrp genes, including the hrpC, hrpA, hrpS, hrpXY, hrpL and hrpJ operons, were determined. The hrp genes cluster (ca. 38 kb) was comprised of eight transcriptional units and contained nine hrc (hrp conserved) genes. The genetic organization of the hrp/hrc genes and their orientation for the transcriptions were also similar to and collinear with those of E. amylovora, showing ${\geq}80%$ homologies. However, ORFU1 and ORFU2 of unknown functions, present between the hrpA and hrpS operons of E. amylovora, were absent in E. pyrifoliae. To determine the HR active domains, several proteins were prepared from truncated fragments of the N-terminal and the C-terminal regions of $HrpN_{Ep}$ protein of E. pyrifoliae. The proteins prepared from the N-terminal region elicited HR, but not from those of the C-terminal region indicating that HR active domains are located in only N-terminal region of the $HrpN_{Ep}$ protein. Two synthetic oligopeptides produced HR on tobacco confirming presence of two HR active domains in the $HrpN_{Ep}$. The HR positive N-terminal fragment ($HN{\Delta}C187$) was further narrowed down by deleting C-terminal amino acids and internal amino acids to investigate whether amino acid insertion region have role in faster and stronger HR activity in $HrpN_{Ep}$ than $HrpN_{Ea}$. The $HrpN_{Ep}$ mutant proteins $HN{\Delta}C187$ (D1AIR), $HN{\Delta}C187$ (D2AIR) and $HN{\Delta}C187$ (DM41) retained similar HR activation to that of wild-type $HrpN_{Ep}$. However, the $HrpN_{Ep}$ mutant protein $HN{\Delta}C187$ (D3AIR) lacking third amino acid insertion region (102 to 113 aa) reduced HR when compared to that of wild-type $HrpN_{Ep}$. Reduction in HR elicitation could not be observed when single amino acids at different positions were substituted at third amino acids insertion region. But, substitution of amino acids at L103R, L106K and L110R showed reduction in HR activity on tobacco suggesting their importance in activation of HR faster in the $HrpN_{Ep}$ although it requires further detailed analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1994

Encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) is a relatively new surgical procedure for treatment of childhood moyamoya disease. We assessed regional cerebral perfusion in moyamoya patients before (1.3 mo) and after (6.8 mo) EDAS with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain SPECT. A total of 21 EDAS operations in 17 moyamoya patients was included. Preoperative CT or MRI showed cerebral infarction in 14 patients and carotid angiography showed Suzuki grade I to V stenosis in 6%, 9%, 62%, 12% and 12% of the hemispheres respectively. Preoperative SPECT showed regional hypoperfusion in all patients, bilateral frontal and temporal lobes being the most frequently involved site. $4{\times}4$ pixel sized ROIs were applied on the frontotemporal cortex in 3 slice averaged transverse tomographic images. An index of regional perfusion was measured as: PI (%)=average F-T activity/average cerebellar activity${\times}100$ Pre-EDAS ipsilateral PI ranged from 23.7 to 98.4% (mean: $74.3{\pm}17%$) and increased significantly after operation ($81.4{\pm}17%$, p<0.001). Individual post-EDAS PI improved in 15/21 cases, showed no significant change in 5 and was slightly aggravated in 1. The amount of clinical improvement (${\Delta}CI$) was graded with a scale of 0 to 4 based on frequency and severity of TIA attacks. When patients were grouped according to pre-EDAS PI, group II (PI 70-89) showed a significantly higher ${\Delta}CI$ (3.3) compared to group I (PI< 70, 1.57) or group III (PI >90, 0.5) (P< 0.001). The amount of perfusion improvement (${\Delta}PI$) showed significant correlation with ${\Delta}CI$ (r=0.42, p=0.04). ${\Delta}PI$ did not, however, correlate with the amount of neovascularization assessed angiographically in 8 patients. Serial HMPAO SPECT is an useful noninvasive study for assessing perfusion improvement after EDAS in childhood moyamoya patients.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 1992

Using cell-free extract of Lysobacter lactamgenus, enzymatic conversion of $\delta$-L-($\alpha$-aminoadiphyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV) the first substrate of $\beta$-lactam biosynthesis, into antibiotic compounds was attempted. In high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis, the biosynthetic intermediates for cephalosporin antibiotics including isopenicillin N, deacetoxycephalosporin C, deacetylcephalosporin C and unknown cephem compound were detected in reaction mixtures. It implies that cephabacin compounds from L lactamgenus could be produced by biosynthetic routes through penicillin ring formation and its expansion to cephalosporin ring, likely as cephalosporin C from Cephalosporium or cephamycin C from Streptomyces. Among biosynthetic enzyme in cell-free extract, the ring formation activity (isopenicillin N synthetase activity) was separated in 50-60% of ammonium sulfate fraction, and ring expansion activity (deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase activity) was found to be in 40-50% fraction. The partially purified isopenicillin N synthetase could convert as much as 90% ACV to isopenicillin N during 6-hour reaction.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.4 no.3_4
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• pp.1-6
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• 1989

The effects of his ($\beta$-amino-ethyl-oxo) oxalate and bis ($\alpha$-amino-methyl-oxo) oxalate on the toxicity of lead acetate in rast were examined. Rats were given intraperitoneally at the dose of lead acetate 45 mg/kg. The exposure of lead acetate showed the 70% decrease of ALAD ($\delta$-amino levulinic acid dehydratase) activity in red blood cell. In vivo 122 mg/kg administration of bis ($\beta$-amino-ethyl-oxo) oxalate and bis ($\alpha$-amino-methyl-oxo) oxalate showed the 50% increase of ALAD activity, whereas 149 mg/kg administeration of Ca-EDTA had no effect. In vitro, the same results were obtained. Both compounds had hemolytic activity at concentrations higher than that required for showing the 50% ALAD activity increase in vivo.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 1987

We studied a assay method on the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD Superoxide : superoxide oxidoreductase, EC. 1. 15. 1. 1) activity with photoreduced flavin and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as superoxide (${O_2}^{-}$) source and detector, respectively. The $\Delta$E (1000 ng SOD$.$$min.)^{-1}$ of photoreduced flavin-NBT system was 0.08, whereas that of xanthine-xanthine-cytochrome system used broadly in experiments was 0.014. Therefore, the new method was regarded more simple and utilizable than xanthine-xanthine cytochrome system method. In the present paper, we also carried out to investigate the SOD activity and isozyme pattern for the parpose of study of leaf-burning disease in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaves.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2019

Recently, bio-butanol is being promoted as environmentally friendly sustainable energy. However, some problems are still obstacle for commercialization of bio-butanol: the development of cheap biomass and enhancement of fermentation ratio and preparation of economical separation process for fermented products. In the conventional ABE biobutanol fermentation process, organic acids with acetone, butanol, and ethanol are produced. Therefore, it is necessary to study phase equilibrium data and mixture properties for the design and operation of separation process. However, there is lack of design data for organic acids except acetic acid contained system. In this study, therefore, binary solid-liquid equilibria (SLE) and mixture properties: the excess molar volumes ($V^E$), molar refraction deviation (${\Delta}R$) and deviation of viscosity (${\Delta}v$) at 298.15 for $C_3-C_6$ organic acid were reported. The experimental SLE data were correlated with the NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient model with less than 0.5 K of root mean square deviation (RMSD). In addition, $V^E$, ${\Delta}R$ and ${\Delta}v$ for the same binary systems were satisfactorily fitted using the Redlich-Kister polynomial with less than ca. 0.004 standard deviation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.319-321
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• 2001

Taihu Lake is a major water source for part of Yangtze Delta, which is one of the most urbanized and economically prosperous areas in China. In last couple of decades, some parts of the lake were highly polluted due to eutrophication. This study analyzed dioxin-like potential and mutagenic potential in surface water samples from Taihu Lake. The samples were prepared by XAD-2 resin procedure. A batch of biological assays, including dioxin-like potential microassay with the rat hepatocyte cell line H411E, and Ames test was employed in the research. Results showed that jour water samples have high content of dioxin-like biological potential, the highest activity TEQ to 2,3,7,8-TCDD was 48 pg/ι in sample 1. The mutagenic effect with reading-frame shifting mechanism was confirmed in 3 of 4 samples. The effective sewage treatment facilities and reliable monitoring surveillance system are urgently needed for this area.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1207-1215
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• 2014

Candida albicans, the major human fungal pathogen, undergoes morphological transition from the budding yeast form to filamentous growth in response to nitrogen starvation. In this study, we identified a new function of GST2, whose expression was required for filamentous growth of C. albicans under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The Gst2p showed Gst activity and required response to oxidative stress. The ${\Delta}gst2$ mutant displayed predominantly yeast phase growth in low ammonium media. Such morphological defect of ${\Delta}gst2$ mutants was not rescued by overexpression of Mep2p, Cph1p, or Efg1p, but was rescued by either overexpression of a hyperactive $RAS1^{G13V}$ allele or through exogenous addition of cyclic AMP. In addition, the ${\Delta}gst2$ mutants had lower levels of RAS1 transcripts than wild-type cells under conditions of nitrogen starvation. These results were consistent with the Ras1-cAMP pathway as a possible downstream target of Gst2p. These findings suggest that Gst2p is a significant component of nitrogen starvation-induced filamentation in C. albicans.