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Blood Eosinophil and Serum Eosinophil Cationic Protein as a Marker of Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Children with Suspected Asthma (천식 증상 환아에서 기관지과민성의 지표로서 혈액 내 호산구와 혈청 호산구 양이온 단백(ECP))

  • Park, Yang;Kang, Hee;Kang, Eun Kyeong;Koh, Young Yull
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.45 no.12
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    • pp.1577-1584
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    • 2002
  • Purpose : Airway inflammation is considered to be a characteristic feature of asthma, and eosinophils are recognized as the most important inflammatory cells. This study aims to assess the importance of blood eosinophil count and serum eosinophil cationic protein(ECP) levels as a noninvasive marker of bronchial hyperresponsiveness(BHR) in children with suspected asthma. Methods : This study used data from 87 subjects with asthma-like symptoms(6-18 years old). The $FEV_1$ and provocative concentration producing a 20% fall in $FEV_1(PC_{20})$ on methacholin inhalation challenge test were measured. Four groups were classified based on $PC_{20}$[Group I : <2 mg/mL; Group II : 2-8 mg/mL; Group III : 8-18 mg/mL; Group IV : (18 mg/mL], and blood eosinophil count and serum ECP levels were analyzed. In addition, subjects were classified based on the cutoff value of $PC_{20}$(BHR positive group : <18 mg/mL; BHR negative group : (18 mg/mL). Then blood eosinophil count and serum ECP level were compared between these two groups. Results : Likelihood ratio test for trends revealed a significant association between the blood eosinophil count or serum ECP level, and the degree of BHR as measured by methacholine $PC_{20}$. Blood eosinophil count or serum ECP level was significantly higher in the BHR(+) group than in the BHR(-) group. Blood eosinophil count had a positive correlation with serum ECP level. Conclusion : Blood eosinophil count and serum ECP level may be a useful non-invasive clinical marker of BHR in subjects with suspected asthma. This supports the hypothesis that BHR in asthma is a consequence of airway eosinophilic inflammation.

The Importance of Video Fluoroscopy Swallowing Study for Nasogastric Tube Removal in Rehabilitation Patients (재활치료환자의 비위관(nasogastric tube)제거에 따른 비디오 투시연하검사(VFSS)의 중요성 평가)

  • Jung, Myoyoung;Choi, Namgil;Han, Jaebok;Song, Jongnam;Kim, Weonjin
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2015
  • Acute phase patients who are unconscious and are suffering from cerebral infarction, cranial nerve disorders, or cerebral apoplexy are susceptible to aspiration pneumonia due to dysphagia. In these cases, a nasogastric tube is inserted to supply nutrients. Although bedside screening tests are administered during recovery after rehabilitation, clinical examinations may not be able to ascertain asymptomatic aspiration. Therefore, a video fluoroscopy swallowing study (VFSS) was performed in 10 patients with dysphagia after rehabilitation therapy; these patients had nasogastric tubes inserted, and a rehabilitation specialist assessed the degree of swallowing based on the patients' diet and posture. If aspiration or swallowing difficulties were observed, dysphagia rehabilitation therapy was administered. The patients were reassessed approximately 30-50 days after administration of therapy, based on the patients' condition. If aspiration is not observed, the nasogastric tube was removed. A functional dysphagia scale was used to analyze the VFSS images, and the scores were statistically calculated. The mean score of patients with nasogastric tubes was $49.79{\pm}9.431$, thereby indicating aspiration risk, whereas the group without nasogastric tubes showed a mean score of $11.20{\pm}1.932$, which indicated low risk of aspiration. These results demonstrated that a significantly low score was associated with nasogastric tube removal. Mann-Whitney's test was performed to assess the significance of both the groups, and the results were statistically significant with a P value <0.001. In conclusion, VFSS can effectively assess the movements and structural abnormalities in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. It can also be used to determine the aspiration status and ascertain the appropriate diet or swallowing posture for the patient. Therefore, VFSS can potentially be used as a reliable standard test to assess swallowing in order to determine nasogastric tube removal.

A Study on the Necessity of Making Online Marketplace for the Korean Animation Industry (국내 애니메이션 산업의 온라인 마켓플레이스 구축 필요성 연구)

  • Han, Sang-Gyun
    • Cartoon and Animation Studies
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    • s.24
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    • pp.223-246
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    • 2011
  • Today, cultural content industry could be defined to service business rather than manufacturing business because of its own trait. Also, it has the realistic restriction that it can't hold the dominant position in the market competition when it can't provide consumers satisfaction regardless of its quality or degree of completion. In other word, it can only expect great success when the business plan and the activities get the perfect balance with its best quality and perfect of completion. As the result, it emphasizes the importance of business competition in the global market. In briefly, there is no doubt that the creativeness of content is very important in the cultural content industry but in the future, making system to maintain the distribution process and share the profits fairly will be taken more important role. Especially, animation genre has the feature, which compares to other genres, such as film or TV drama, would be free from cultural barriers, and it is a great advantage. So to speak, animation can get little influence from cultural discount. However, Korean animation can't use the advantage properly for the foreign distribution because of its poor infrastructure and short of professional human resources. For those reasons, it has been needed to set up the realistic and specific action plan to overcome the situation. Therefore, considering those needs and the situations of Korean animation facing, making B2B online marketplace could be a great solution. The online marketplace stands for taking more efficient and broad distribution channel instead of the passive way, which we have now. If we have the B2B online marketplace, we can share all the information about the Korean animation with the potential customers whom live outside of Korea at real time. It also could be use to the windows of multiple distribution, which can make additional profits and activate the optional markets for the Korean animation. Through the method, Korean animation would be expected to get the higher international competitiveness, and it would be developed in quality and quantity of the business. Finally, it would be a great chance to Korean animation, which can get the unique brand power by improving the backward distribution circumstances.

A Study on the Correlation between Marine Industry Cluster and Port Regeneration - Focused on the Busan North Port - (해양산업 클러스터와 항만도시재생의 상관성에 관한 연구 - 부산 북항을 중심으로 -)

  • Li, Yun-Zhang;Yang, Ming-Yin;Tian, Xue-Qin;Yu, Yong-Hao;Choi, Tae-Yeong
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.101-111
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    • 2022
  • As Asia's leading advanced country, Korea has an absolute advantage over foreign trade routes and maritime economies over inland countries. Following the change in social background, the original port area is for various reasons, and some ills are gradually revealing people's private interests. Due to this, it is the economic interest and future development space of the marine industry cluster in the port area that are directly affected and damaged. This study studied the relationship between marine industry clusters and port urban regeneration. It is intended to present the necessity and importance of activating the marine industry cluster through port urban regeneration while analyzing the regenerative design from the quantitative analysis angle. Therefore, first of all, the theoretical backgrounds were considered, and the cases of port cities that did well worldwide were analyzed according to the current status of the northern port of Busan, the research target site, through analysis. In addition, in order to increase the reliability of this study, the data of marine industry clusters and port city regeneration were reviewed using empirical analysis. Looking at the results of this study's case study and empirical analysis, it is a relationship that actually improved and interacted between the marine industry cluster and the port city regeneration. Through the study, it is expected that the Busan North Port Redevelopment Project will be promoted at the design, environmental, and economic level, and at the same time, it will be able to enhance its status as a marine city in Busan. The results show that, no matter which country or port city, the development of economy, society, culture and will inevitably promote the vigorous development of the marine industrial cluster, also, the port area development to a certain degree. will naturally the physical conditions of regional development obstacle through the port city of regeneration. This promotion will overcome.

A Study on the Development of a Program for Prevention of Elementary School Violence (학교폭력 예방을 위한 초등학교 인성교육 프로그램 개발 연구)

  • Han, Sung Gu;Lee, In Jae;Chi, Chun Ho;Son, Kyung Won
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.28
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    • pp.183-212
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical base for making a character education program and to develop a school violence prevention program and analysis the effects of the program in elementary schools. The prevention program was designed to target students, teachers, parents and community residents and utilized the above groups as participants. This study is developed on the basis of Social Emotional Learning as well as Emotional Intelligence which put on the importance on the role of emotion in the problem solving. In concrete, school violence prevention program based on the social and emotional learning, development of integrative programs articulating three key domains directly and indirectly influencing students' character formation, maximum use of the educational institutes' moral education curriculums and potential curriculums in the surrounding environment. To do so, bibliographical study and analysis of the research materials are carried out, and also the professionals' advice is received. The study object is 113 elementary school students of 2 elementary schools in Seoul. For them, the preparatory program is carried out from September 2009 to November 2009. And then, the analysis for the satisfaction degree of participation in the program and for the descriptive results of the school violence prevention education is carried out.

The implication of capital restructuring on urban development : Chicago politics as the local contingent facter for urban restructuring (자본재구조화가 도시발달에 미치 는 영향:시카고 정치와 재개발사업을 사례로)

  • Koh, Tae Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.420-437
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    • 1994
  • The starting point of the research is the relation between capital restructuring and urban restructuring. The economic restructuring, which has been caused by the economic crisis in the early 1970s in the United States has brought a spatial restructuring at different geographic scales. The degree of the success of urban restructuring is contingent to the local economic and political environments. The local contingent factor such as local politics should not be neglected for investigating the restructuring process. Through the case study of Chicago, the research provides two inconsistencies in applying the structural approach to the local level: first, the lack of the theoretical link between crisis and restructuring; and second, the crucial importance of local politics in shaping urban development.

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Effects of Polar Literacy Education Program for Elementary and Middle School Students (초·중학생 대상 극지 소양 교육 프로그램의 효과)

  • Sueim Chung;Donghee Shin
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.209-223
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    • 2023
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a polar literacy education program for elementary and middle school students, and to derive implications for new education to respond to climate change. We developed modular education programs based on the seven principles of polar literacy established by the Polar-ICE team. We divided them into two courses, one emphasizing science concepts and another emphasizing humanities and sociological issues. We then selected and structured detailed programs suitable for the two courses. These two courses were applied to 26 elementary and middle school students for approximately 69 hours in a Saturday science class hosted by the Department of Science Education at a university in Seoul. The 26 students were divided into three groups. Two groups completed the science education program for polar literacy and a humanities and social studies education program for polar literacy, respectively. The third group, the control group, received general science education unrelated to polar literacy. Before and after running the programs, all three groups responded to a polar literacy test and questionnaires that used vocabulary and presented scenes associated with polar regions. The test results were expressed using Wilcoxon signed ranks, which is a non-parametric test method, and improvements made upon completion of the program were analyzed. From a cognitive aspect, all three groups showed improvement after completing the program in the knowledge area; however, the experimental groups showed a greater degree of improvement than the control group, and there was a clear difference in the contents or materials explicitly covered. From an affective aspect, the difference between before and after the program was minor, but the group that focused on humanities and social issues showed a statistically significant improvement. Regarding changes in polar imagery, the two experimental groups tended to diverge from monotonous images to more diverse images compared to the control group. Based on the above results, we suggested methods to increase the effectiveness of polar literacy education programs, the importance of polar literacy as appropriate material for scientific thinking and earth system education, measures to improve attitudes related to the polar region, and the need to link to school curriculums.

Studies on Press Drying of Fire-Retardant Treated Plywood (내화처리합판(耐火處理合板)의 열판건조(熱板乾燥)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Jong Man
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 1982
  • Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable and can cause fire accidents. causing destruction of human life and property. To diminish the fire disaster, fire retardant plywood is indeed required. In the methods of manufacturing the fire retardant plywood, a soaking method is occasionally used. However after soaking plywood into fire retardant chemical solutions redrying of soaked plywood is of the utmost importance. In this study 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywoods were selected for fire retardant treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 20% dilute solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, borax-boric acid minalith, and water solution, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9 hour-soaking treatments in borax-boric acid and minalith, and 6- and 9 hours in the other chemicals were applied and after the treatment hot drying was applied to treated plywoods at $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ of press temperature. Drying rates, drying curves, water absorption rates of fire retardant chemicals, weight per volume and fire retardant degree of plywood were investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) In the 9 hours-soaking treatment of fire retardants by hot and cold bath method, the chemical retentions of 3.5mm thickness plywood could be attained within the range ($1.125-2.25kg/(30cm)^3$) of minimum retention specification as follows: $1.353kg/(30cm)^3$ in monoammonium phosphate, $1.331kg/(30cm)^3$ in diammonium phosphate, $1.263kg/(30cm)^3$ in ammonium sulfate, $1.226kg/(30cm)^3$ in borax-boric acid. But the chemical retention, $0.906kg/(30cm)^3$, in minalith could not be attained within the range of minimum retention specification. And also in case of 5.0mm thickness plywood, chemical retentions, as $1.356kg/(30cm)^3$ and $1.166kg/(30cm)^3$ respectively, of ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate could be attained within the range minimum retention specification, but the other fire retardant chemicals could not. 2) In the 6- and - hours-soaking treatments of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood, the drying curve sloped of chemical treated plywood was smaller than that of water treated. The drying rate related to thickness of treated plywood, was about three times as fast in 3.5mm thickness plywood compared with 5.0mm thickness plywood. 3) In the treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot platen temperature, the drying rates of chemical-treated plywood showed the highest quantity in diammonium phosphate of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood. But the drying rate of water treated plywood was highest during the 6- and 9 hours-soaking treatments. 4) The drying rate remarkably increased with proportion to increase of the platen temperature, and the values were respectively 1.23%/min., 6.54%/min., 25.75%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 3.5mm thickness plywood and 0.55%.min., 2.49%/min., 8.19%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 5.0mm thickness plywood. 5) In the fire retardant degree of chemical treated plywood, the loss in weight was the smallest in diammonium phosphate, next was in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the greatest was in borax-boric acid and minalith. And the fire-retardant effect in burning time, flame-exhausted time and carbonized area were greatest in diammouniun phosphate, next were in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the weakest were in borax-boric acid and minalith.

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An Analysis of the Moderating Effects of User Ability on the Acceptance of an Internet Shopping Mall (인터넷 쇼핑몰 수용에 있어 사용자 능력의 조절효과 분석)

  • Suh, Kun-Soo
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.27-55
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    • 2008
  • Due to the increasing and intensifying competition in the Internet shopping market, it has been recognized as very important to develop an effective policy and strategy for acquiring loyal customers. For this reason, web site designers need to know if a new Internet shopping mall(ISM) will be accepted. Researchers have been working on identifying factors for explaining and predicting user acceptance of an ISM. Some studies, however, revealed inconsistent findings on the antecedents of user acceptance of a website. Lack of consideration for individual differences in user ability is believed to be one of the key reasons for the mixed findings. The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and several studies have suggested that individual differences in ability plays an moderating role on the relationship between the antecedents and user acceptance. Despite the critical role of user ability, little research has examined the role of user ability in the Internet shopping mall context. The purpose of this study is to develop a user acceptance model that consider the moderating role of user ability in the context of Internet shopping. This study was initiated to see the ability of the technology acceptance model(TAM) to explain the acceptance of a specific ISM. According to TAM. which is one of the most influential models for explaining user acceptance of IT, an intention to use IT is determined by usefulness and ease of use. Given that interaction between user and website takes place through web interface, the decisions to accept and continue using an ISM depend on these beliefs. However, TAM neglects to consider the fact that many users would not stick to an ISM until they trust it although they may think it useful and easy to use. The importance of trust for user acceptance of ISM has been raised by the relational views. The relational view emphasizes the trust-building process between the user and ISM, and user's trust on the website is a major determinant of user acceptance. The proposed model extends and integrates the TAM and relational views on user acceptance of ISM by incorporating usefulness, ease of use, and trust. User acceptance is defined as a user's intention to reuse a specific ISM. And user ability is introduced into the model as moderating variable. Here, the user ability is defined as a degree of experiences, knowledge and skills regarding Internet shopping sites. The research model proposes that the ease of use, usefulness and trust of ISM are key determinants of user acceptance. In addition, this paper hypothesizes that the effects of the antecedents(i.e., ease of use, usefulness, and trust) on user acceptance may differ among users. In particular, this paper proposes a moderating effect of a user's ability on the relationship between antecedents with user's intention to reuse. The research model with eleven hypotheses was derived and tested through a survey that involved 470 university students. For each research variable, this paper used measurement items recognized for reliability and widely used in previous research. We slightly modified some items proper to the research context. The reliability and validity of the research variables were tested using the Crobnach's alpha and internal consistency reliability (ICR) values, standard factor loadings of the confirmative factor analysis, and average variance extracted (AVE) values. A LISREL method was used to test the suitability of the research model and its relating six hypotheses. Key findings of the results are summarized in the following. First, TAM's two constructs, ease of use and usefulness directly affect user acceptance. In addition, ease of use indirectly influences user acceptance by affecting trust. This implies that users tend to trust a shopping site and visit repeatedly when they perceive a specific ISM easy to use. Accordingly, designing a shopping site that allows users to navigate with heuristic and minimal clicks for finding information and products within the site is important for improving the site's trust and acceptance. Usefulness, however, was not found to influence trust. Second, among the three belief constructs(ease of use, usefulness, and trust), trust was empirically supported as the most important determinants of user acceptance. This implies that users require trustworthiness from an Internet shopping site to be repeat visitors of an ISM. Providing a sense of safety and eliminating the anxiety of online shoppers in relation to privacy, security, delivery, and product returns are critically important conditions for acquiring repeat visitors. Hence, in addition to usefulness and ease of use as in TAM, trust should be a fundamental determinants of user acceptance in the context of internet shopping. Third, the user's ability on using an Internet shopping site played a moderating role. For users with low ability, ease of use was found to be a more important factors in deciding to reuse the shopping mall, whereas usefulness and trust had more effects on users with high ability. Applying the EML theory to these findings, we can suggest that experienced and knowledgeable ISM users tend to elaborate on such usefulness aspects as efficient and effective shopping performance and trust factors as ability, benevolence, integrity, and predictability of a shopping site before they become repeat visitors of the site. In contrast, novice users tend to rely on the low elaborating features, such as the perceived ease of use. The existence of moderating effects suggests the fact that different individuals evaluate an ISM from different perspectives. The expert users are more interested in the outcome of the visit(usefulness) and trustworthiness(trust) than those novice visitors. The latter evaluate the ISM in a more superficial manner focusing on the novelty of the site and on other instrumental beliefs(ease of use). This is consistent with the insights proposed by the Heuristic-Systematic model. According to the Heuristic-Systematic model. a users act on the principle of minimum effort. Thus, the user considers an ISM heuristically, focusing on those aspects that are easy to process and evaluate(ease of use). When the user has sufficient experience and skills, the user will change to systematic processing, where they will evaluate more complex aspects of the site(its usefulness and trustworthiness). This implies that an ISM has to provide a minimum level of ease of use to make it possible for a user to evaluate its usefulness and trustworthiness. Ease of use is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the acceptance and use of an ISM. Overall, the empirical results generally support the proposed model and identify the moderating effect of the effects of user ability. More detailed interpretations and implications of the findings are discussed. The limitations of this study are also discussed to provide directions for future research.

The Effects of Intention Inferences on Scarcity Effect: Moderating Effect of Scarcity Type, Scarcity Depth (소비자의 기업의도 추론이 희소성 효과에 미치는 영향: 수량한정 유형과 폭의 조절효과)

  • Park, Jong-Chul;Na, June-Hee
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.195-215
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    • 2008
  • The scarcity is pervasive aspect of human life and is a fundamental precondition of economic behavior of consumers. Also, the effect of scarcity message is a power social influence principle used by marketers to increase the subjective desirability of products. Because valuable objects are often scare, consumers tend to infer the scarce objects are valuable. Marketers often do base promotional appeals on the principle of scarcity to increase the subjective desirability their products among consumers. Specially, advertisers and retailers often promote their products using restrictions. These restriction act to constraint consumers' ability th take advantage of the promotion and can assume several forms. For example, some promotions are advertised as limited time offers, while others limit the quantity that can be bought at the deal price by employing the statements such as 'limit one per consumer,' 'limit 5 per customer,' 'limited products for special commemoration celebration,' Some retailers use statements extensively. A recent weekly flyer by a prominent retailer limited purchase quantities on 50% of the specials advertised on front page. When consumers saw these phrase, they often infer value from the product that has limited availability or is promoted as being scarce. But, the past researchers explored a direct relationship between the purchase quantity and time limit on deal purchase intention. They also don't explored that all restriction message are not created equal. Namely, we thought that different restrictions signal deal value in different ways or different mechanism. Consumers appear to perceive that time limits are used to attract consumers to the brand, while quantity limits are necessary to reduce stockpiling. This suggests other possible differences across restrictions. For example, quantity limits could imply product quality (i.e., this product at this price is so good that purchases must be limited). In contrast, purchase preconditions force the consumer to spend a certain amount to qualify for the deal, which suggests that inferences about the absolute quality of the promoted item would decline from purchase limits (highest quality) to time limits to purchase preconditions (lowest quality). This might be expected to be particularly true for unfamiliar brands. However, a critical but elusive issue in scarcity message research is the impacts of a inferred motives on the promoted scarcity message. The past researchers not explored possibility of inferred motives on the scarcity message context. Despite various type to the quantity limits message, they didn't separated scarcity message among the quantity limits. Therefore, we apply a stricter definition of scarcity message(i.e. quantity limits) and consider scarcity message type(general scarcity message vs. special scarcity message), scarcity depth(high vs. low). The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the scarcity message on the consumer's purchase intension. Specifically, we investigate the effect of general versus special scarcity messages on the consumer's purchase intention using the level of the scarcity depth as moderators. In other words, we postulates that the scarcity message type and scarcity depth play an essential moderating role in the relationship between the inferred motives and purchase intention. In other worlds, different from the past studies, we examine the interplay between the perceived motives and scarcity type, and between the perceived motives and scarcity depth. Both of these constructs have been examined in isolation, but a key question is whether they interact to produce an effect in reaction to the scarcity message type or scarcity depth increase. The perceived motive Inference behind the scarcity message will have important impact on consumers' reactions to the degree of scarcity depth increase. In relation ti this general question, we investigate the following specific issues. First, does consumers' inferred motives weaken the positive relationship between the scarcity depth decrease and the consumers' purchase intention, and if so, how much does it attenuate this relationship? Second, we examine the interplay between the scarcity message type and the consumers' purchase intention in the context of the scarcity depth decrease. Third, we study whether scarcity message type and scarcity depth directly affect the consumers' purchase intention. For the answer of these questions, this research is composed of 2(intention inference: existence vs. nonexistence)${\times}2$(scarcity type: special vs. general)${\times}2$(scarcity depth: high vs. low) between subject designs. The results are summarized as follows. First, intention inference(inferred motive) is not significant on scarcity effect in case of special scarcity message. However, nonexistence of intention inference is more effective than existence of intention inference on purchase intention in case of general scarcity. Second, intention inference(inferred motive) is not significant on scarcity effect in case of low scarcity. However, nonexistence of intention inference is more effective than existence of intention inference on purchase intention in case of high scarcity. The results of this study will help managers to understand the relative importance among the type of the scarcity message and to make decisions in using their scarcity message. Finally, this article have several contribution. First, we have shown that restrictions server to activates a mental resource that is used to render a judgment regarding a promoted product. In the absence of other information, this resource appears to read to an inference of value. In the presence of other value related cue, however, either database(i.e., scarcity depth: high vs. low) or conceptual base(i.e.,, scarcity type special vs. general), the resource is used in conjunction with the other cues as a basis for judgment, leading to different effects across levels of these other value-related cues. Second, our results suggest that a restriction can affect consumer behavior through four possible routes: 1) the affective route, through making consumers feel irritated, 2) the cognitive making route, through making consumers infer motivation or attribution about promoted scarcity message, and 3) the economic route, through making the consumer lose an opportunity to stockpile at a low scarcity depth, or forcing him her to making additional purchases, lastly 4) informative route, through changing what consumer believe about the transaction. Third, as a note already, this results suggest that we should consider consumers' inferences of motives or attributions for the scarcity dept level and cognitive resources available in order to have a complete understanding the effects of quantity restriction message.

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