• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of respiratory muscle and lung capacity during deep breathing with electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Methods: This study was conducted on 30 healthy adults in their 20s. Subjects were randomly performed to deep breathing or deep breathing with vagus nerve electrical stimulation. All subjects' diaphragm and internal oblique muscle activity were measured during deep breathing by electromyography, and lung capacity was measured by spirometry immediately after beep breathing. In the vagus nerve stimulation method, the surface electrode was cut into the left ear and then electrically stimulated using a needle electric stimulator. Results: The activity of diaphragm was significantly increased in deep breathing with vagus nerve electrical stimulation than in deep breathing. However, lung capacity did not show any significant difference according to the condition. Conclusion: Vagus nerve electrical stimulation could induce diaphragm activity more than deep breathing alone. Deep breathing with vagus nerve electrical stimulation may enhance the activity of the respiratory muscles and is expected to be an effective treatment for the elderly or COPD patients with poor breathing ability.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.423-432
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate effectiveness of deep breathing exercise as a postoperative intervention to prevent pulmonary complications. Methods: A search of databases from 1990 to 2012 was done including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and eight Korean databases. Ten studies met eligibility criteria. Researchers trained in systematic review, independently assessed the methodological quality of selected studies using the Cochrane's risk of bias tool. Data were analyzed using RevMan 5.2 program. Results: Among ten RCTs in four studies, deep breathing exercise was compared with an instrument using interventions such as incentive spirometry, in the other four studies deep breathing exercise was compared with non-intervention, and in last two studies bundles of interventions including coughing and early ambulation were assessed. A significant difference was found between deep breathing exercise group and non-intervention group. The odds ratio (OR) of occurrence of pulmonary complications for deep breathing exercise versus non-intervention was 0.30. However, there was no significant difference between deep breathing exercise group and incentive spirometry group (OR=1.22). Conclusion: Deep breathing exercise is vital to improving cost-effectiveness and efficiency of patient care in preventing postoperative pulmonary complications. For evidence-based nursing, standardized guidelines for deep breathing in postoperative care should be further studied.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.268-280
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• 1991

The nursing intervention for the prevention of the pulmonary complication and of the function lowering of pulmonary ventilation which emerge with high generation frequency during the nursing of operation patient is necessary for performing the qualitative nursing for operation patient. So, this researcher tried this study so as to obtain the data which can be utilized for the trial of nursing intervention, by grasping the effect that the deep breathing with Incentive Spirometer has on the function of pulmonary ventilation, analysing the factor to have influence on the function of pulmonary ventilation, and applying the effective method of deep breathing to the clinic. By making 42 patients who underwent the operation of upper abdomen after admitting G Hospital in Seoul from Mar. 7, 1991 to Apr.30, 1991 as the object, they were classified into the experiment group that the deep breathing was made with the use of Incentive Spiromenter and the comparison group that the deep breathing exercise was made without the use of Incentive Spirometer. And then, by measuring Tidal Volume and Forced Vital Capacity with Respirometer and $O_2$ Saturation with Pulse Oximeter at preoperation postoperation 24 hours, 72 hours, and 120 hours data were collected. The collected data were analyzed with of, average, standard deviation, x$^2$-test, t-test and ANOVA by SPSS. The result of this study is as follows : 1. As for the hypothesis that the function of pulmonary ventilation at postoperation 24 hours, 72 hours and 120 hours will be better in the experiment group that the deep breathing was made with the use of Incentive Spirometer, in comparison with the comparison group that deep breathing was made without the use of Incentive Spirometer, experiment group and comparison group didn't show the significant difference in Tidal Volume, Foreced Vital Capacity and $O_2$ Saturation at postoperation 24 hours and 72 hours. But experiment group and comparison group showed the significant difference in Tidal Volume at postoperation 120 hours (p＜0.01). So, this hypothesis was supported partially. 2. The variables that there were the significant differences about the function of pulmonary ventilation in experiment group at postoperation 24 hours stastically were smoking existence (p＜0.05), and the variables that there were not significant differences about the function of pulmonary ventilation were distinction of sex, age, anesthetic duration, smoking extent, body weight, surface area of body, existence of narcotic use, regular exercise existence, and past experience existence of respiratory disease. As above result, it appeared that the method of deep breathing with the use of the Incentive Spirometer is more effective for the function recovery of pulmonary ventilation, in comparison with the deep breathing without use of Incentive Spirometer and that smoking existence was the factor to have influence on the function of pulmonary ventilation. In the aspect of clinic, the trial of nursing intervention of deep breathing with use of Incentive Spirometer is expected. And, in the aspect of study, the study through various operative site patients about the effect of Incentive Spirometer use at the clinic will have to be confirmed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined whether breathing exercises might increase the chest expansion and pulmonary function of stroke patients. Methods: Twenty four patients with stroke were assigned randomly into two groups: a combination of diaphragmatic resistive breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercise (CB) group (n=10) and control group (n=14). The CB group completed a 4-week program of diaphragmatic resistive breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercise. The subjects were assessed using the pre-test and post-test measurements of the chest expansion (length for resting, deep inspiration, deep expiration, deep expiration-inspiration) and pulmonary function (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)). Results: A comparison of the chest expansion between the pre and post tests revealed similar rest, deep inspiration, deep expiration, and deep expiration-inspiration lengths in the CB and control groups (p>0.05). A comparison of the pulmonary function between pre and post tests, revealed significant improvements in the FVC, FEV, PEF, VC, IRV, and ERV in the CB group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the FVC, FEV1, PEF, VC and IRV between the 2 groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that breathing exercise should help improve the pulmonary function, such as the volume and capacity. This suggests that the pulmonary functions of stroke patients might be improved further by a continued respiratory exercise program.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to compare the effects on abdominal muscle thickness and breathing by applying trunk strength exercise and deep stabilization exercise along with breathing exercise, which is the main respiratory muscle during breathing, to present an efficient exercise method with diaphragm breathing. Methods : This study was performed on normal 6 females and 14 males subjects. They were divided into 2 groups which trunk strength exercise and deep stabilization exercise group. The trunk strength exercise group (TSE) attended prone press-up, crunch and pelvic tiling. The deep stabilization exercise group (DSE) attended abdominal drawing, horizontal side-support and bridging exercise. Breathing exercise was performed for each set break time for 1 minute. Results : First, in the comparison of the change in the thickness of the abdominal muscle between the trunk strength training group and the deep stabilization group before and after exercise, there was a statistically significant difference in the comparison of transverse abdominis (TrA), rectus femoris (RF), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO) (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in any comparison between groups (p>.05). Second, in the comparison of changes in respiratory function between the trunk strength exercise group and the deep stabilization exercise group before and after exercise, there were statistically significant differences in the exerted forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV₁), peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the comparison before and after the experiment (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in any comparison between groups (p>.05). Conclusion : As a result of this study, it can be said that both trunk strength exercises and deep stabilization exercises along with diaphragm breathing are exercises that strengthen deep and superficial muscles, and have a positive effect on breathing function as well as muscle strength. However, it is not known which exercise was more effective, and because it was combined with breathing exercise, the interference effect appeared.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

Background: To evaluate the effect of thoracic mobility exercise and deep breathing exercise applied to stroke patients on pulmonary function. Methods: The subjects were divided into two group. Twenty-five patients with stroke were randomly assigned to DB (deep breathing exercise) group (n=13) and TM (combination of deep breathing exercise and thoracic mobility exercise) group (n=12). During four weeks, DB group were carried out deep breathing exercises for 5~10 minutes twice a day and TM Group were carried out deep breathing exercises for 5~10 minutes and thoracic mobility exercise for 20~30 minutes twice a day. All tests were completed before and after experiment. The pulmonary functions were measured by PowerBreathe K5 (Hab International Ltd, England) and tape measure respectively. For each case, the experimental data were obtained in 4 items; average of inspiratory load, inspiratory flow speed, inspiratory flow volume and chest expansion. Results: The results of this study were as follows: 1. In DB group, the statistically significants were shown on average of inspiratory flow speed, inspiratory flow volume and chest expansion (p<.05). 2. In TM group, the statistically significants were shown on all items (p<.05). 3. There was a statistically significant difference on all items between DB group and TM group (p<.05). Conclusions: The above results revealed that DB and TM group can be used to improve pulmonary function in stroke patients. In comparison of DB and TM group, TM group was more improved. In conclude, thoracic mobility exercise helped improving function of vital capacity and chest expansion in stroke patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deep breathing exercise and ankle exercise on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein. Sixteen healthy male students were recruited from Yonsei University, at Wonju. The blood flow velocities in the femoral vein were measured under three different conditions: resting, deep breathing, and ankle exercise. All subjects were given a 5-minute relaxing time in supine position prior to the study. Using a doppler ultrasound with a 8 MHz probe, the peak blood flow velocities were collected in a twenty-second-period at each condition. The subjects took a rest in between trials for the blood flow to return to its resting levels. The result showed a significant difference in peak blood flow velocities under those three conditions (p<.001). The peak blood flow velocity was highest in ankle exercise condition. The peak blood velocity was significantly higher in deep breathing condition compared with the resting condition. As a result, it is revealed that not only the muscular contractions but also the deep breathing exercises induced facilitating effects of venous return. Either of the exercise methods can be recommended to prevent blood stasis in patients with risk of deep vein thrombosis after cardiac or lower extremity surgery.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.36-44
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of breath-counting meditation (BCM) and deep breathing (DB) on heart rate variability (HRV). These breathing techniques have the characteristics of non-paced and self-controlled breathings, resulting in less increase of HRV. We also compared BCM and DB with usual breathing (UB) or relaxing breathing (RB) which can reveal the characteristics of those. Methods: 83 healthy volunteers sitting in chairs performed non-paced breathing; UB, RB, BCM, and DB each for 5 minutes. One minute of relaxation was permitted between breathings. Participants surfed the internet sitting in front of a computer during UB, while for RB, they remained steady with eyes closed. For BCM, they breathed inwardly counting from 1 to 10 repetitively, while they took a deep breath during DB. Physiological indices were simultaneously recorded with a biofeedback system. Results: Respiration rate, thoracic amplitude, and mean heart rate decreased in RB compared with UB, but there was no change in HRV. Respiration rate in BCM and DB was lower than that in UB or RB, and the amplitude of thorax or abdomen, and HRV all increased (p<0.05). However, mean heart rate and skin conductance decreased in BCM compared with UB (p<0.05), whereas those were no different between DB and UB. Conclusion: BCM, just concentrating mentally on breathing with counting each breath, can increase HRV with less sympathetic activation, while DB, actively moving thorax and abdomen for achieving the deepest respiration rate, can greatly raise HRV with the maintenance of mean vagal or sympathetic tone.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of deep breathing exercises with Incentive Spirometer on the pulmonary ventilatory function of pnemothorax patients undergoing a thoracotomy. Mothod: This experiment used anonequivalent control group non-synchronized design which compared pre-experimental measures with post-experimental ones. The subjects of this study were 34 inpatients who were scheduled for a thoracotomy and classified into the experimental group (17 patients) or control group (17 patients) by using an Incentive Spirometer or not. The collected data was analyzed by a SPSS Win I PC (percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, t-test, repeated measured two-way ANOVA). Result: The Pulmonary Ventilatory Function of the experimental and control group were significantly increased on the first day, third day, and fifth day after the thoracotomy, but the group interaction period was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that the deep breathing exercises with an Incentive Spirometer and deep breathing exercise without an Incentive Spirometer were both effective for recovering the pulmonary ventilatory function after a thoracotomy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.174-183
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of deep breathing with Incentive Spirometer on pulmonary function and O2 saturation by time process in patients with rib fracture. The participants were 25 patients with rib fracture admitted to a hospital in G city. Deep breathing with Incentive Spirometer was educated for participants. Data were collected from June to October, 2013. Pulmonary function and O2 saturation were measured by using Micro spirometer and pulse oximeter at admission one day and 1day, 2day, 3day, 4day, 5day and 6day after applying intervention.. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 21.0 version program with descriptive statistics, and repeated measure ANOVA. The level of pulmonary function and O2 saturation after applying deep breathing with incentive spirometer were increased as time went on. Therefore, patients with rib fracture should be suggested the continuous deep breathing with incentive spirometer.