• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.68-86
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• 1994

In order to provide data of effective health education for practice of preventive health behavior for visual acuity care. The authors investgated the actual acuity and health behavior for visual acuity care. The subjects of this study were 2250 students in high school. The data were collected by questionnaire developed for the purpose of this study which has been made through references and student's health record. The results were as follows, 1) As students move up to grade, the number of students with decreased visual acuity had a tendency to increase. In cases with decreased visual acuity below 0.2 in one or both eye, the number of cases was increased in accordance with moving up to grade, especially visual acuity of right eye was more decreased than that of left eye. 2) As to proportion of the group with decreased visual acuity among the total students, among 2250 students, students with decreased visual acuity was 35.6%(800 students). According to school type, in academic school, frequency of students with decreased visual acuity in day school was higher then that in night school. In commercial school, the frequency of students who had decreased visual acuity in night school were higher than that of students in day school. 3) As to variables influencing the decreased visual activity, there was a significant different between groups with normal visual acuity and groups with subnormal in terms of awareness of visual acuity by themself, parent's visual acuity, unbalanced eating habit, distance from television, or books, posture in watching television, posture in reading, awareness of illumination in classroom. 4) As to practice of protective and preventive health behavior for visual acuity care, In group with normal visual acuity. There was good practice such as proper eating habit, proper studying habit, and health habit in its descending order, but proper illumination and regular eye test were practiced poorly. In group with subnormal visual acuity, one of the vest practice in visual acuity care was an effort to prevent eye strain. Other good practice involve tasking regular eye test, maintaining proper studing habit, in its descending order.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.146-158
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• 1996

We observed 79 patients, who visited the Department of Oph. & Otorhinolaryngology in Oriental medicine of Kyung Hee University Medical Center from July 1995 to June. 1996, with the complaint of decreased visual acuity. The results were as follows. 1. In the incidence of decreased visual acuity, men's was $46.84\%$(37 cases) and women's was $53.16\%$(42 cases), which showed that more women were suffering decreased visual acuity than men. In the incidence of myopic ametropia and astigmatic ametropia among the total patients, men's was $44.62\%$(29 cases) and $37.50\%$(9 cases) each, and women's was $55.38\%$(36 cases) and $62.50\%$( 15 cases) each, which also showed that more women were suffering myopia and astigmatism than men. 2. The average age of patients was 11.08 years at the first visit. The most were the patients from 6 to 15 years old, with 63 cases($79.74\%$). 3. The age of onset in the decreased visual acuity was mainly 6∼10 years with 45 cases($56.96\%$). In the case of myopic ametropia and astigmatic ametropia, the age of onset was also mainly 6∼10 years with 65 cases($60.00\%$), and with 12 cases($50.00\%$) each. 4. In ABO blood type, the frequency was, A type, O type, B type and AB type in order. In men, O type was the most, while in women, A type. 5. In the liking for cool or warm food or tepidity, the liking for cool food was the most in both men and women. 6. The type of decreased visual acuity was mainly myopic ametropia with 65 cases($82.28\%$). Astigmatic ametropia was $30.38\%$ with 24 cases, hyperopic ametropia $2.53\%$ with 4 cases, and the decreased visual acuity accompanied by amblyopia $7.59\%$ with 4 cases. 7. At the first visit, the average visual acuity of O.D. was 0.29 and that of O.S.. 0.24, which showed that O.S.. is worse than O.D.. The visual acuity below 0.2 was the most, $63.29\%\;in\;O.D..\;72.15\%$ in O.S.. 8. In the treatment period, 4∼7 weeks occupied $35.44\%$ with 28 cases, 8∼11 weeks $30.38\%$ with 24 cases, so the treatment period was mainly these two periods with 52 cases($65.82\%$). 9. The average frequency of acupuncture treatment per week was mainly 2.1∼3.0 times with 45 cases($56.96\%$). In this case, men was 24 cases($53.33\%$) and women 21 cases($46.67\%$), so men was more than women. 10. The frequency of herbal prescription was mainly Gamijungjitang and Gamijingjibogansan with 76 cases($85.39\%$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-192
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• 1997

The main purpose of this study was to analyze and identify factors related to changes in visual acuity of primary school students over one year period. The data for this study were collected from 980 students in the first to fifth grades of one elementary school located in Koyang City, Kyungki Province. The visual acuity tests of students and self reported questionnaires for the students and their parents were administered in 1995 and 1996. The data were analyzed by using SAS PC. The results of the study were as follows. 1. Visual acuity in both eyes is significantly lower in girls than in boys. 2. Overall visual acuity of the students decreased over the one year. Notably, decreases in visual acuity were statistically significant during the transition from the first to the second grade and from the third to the fourth grade. 3. Students with visual acuity ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 and those above 1.0 in 1995 showed a significantly lower acuity in 1996 than other students. 4. Students who needed glasses in 1995 showed significantly lower visual acuity in 1996 than those without glasses. 5. Other factors related to visual acuity are lights in the classroom, difficulty reading a blackboard, posture of children while watching TV, and distance from the TV set. Some of these factors may be the result of students' already poor visual acuity rather than causes of the decrease. In conclusion, many elementary school children experience significant decrease in visual acuity and need special intervention to maintain or improve their visual acuity.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2019

Purpose: This study is an investigation of the effects of long-term smart phone usage and of stretching on muscle stiffness, concentration, and visual acuity. Methods: Forty healthy young adults voluntarily participated in the study and were measured for muscle stiffness, concentration, and visual acuity before smartphone usage and after 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes of smartphone usage. The participants were randomly allocated to the intervention group (n=20) and the control group (n=20). Five minutes after the stretching exercise and eye exercise intervention, the participants were remeasured. Results: After long-term smartphone usage, increases in muscle stiffness and concentration were statistically significant (p<0.05), whereas decreases in visual acuity were statistically significant (p<0.05). After the stretching exercise and eye exercise intervention, muscle stiffness significantly decreased (p<0.05) and visual acuity significantly increased (p<0.05). Concentration, according to the stretching exercise and eye exercise intervention, showed no significant pre- or post-test difference. Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that long-term smartphone usage effectively improved concentration but increased muscle stiffness and decreased visual acuity. Appropriate stretching and eye movement during long-term smartphones usage should mitigate the effects on muscle stiffness and visual acuity. Furthermore, smartphones should be considered an effective tool for concentration training when coupled with the development of appropriate applications.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of environmental factors on 380 children's unaided visual acuity and to determine the visual acuity and objective refraction error of these children. The unaided visual acuity and objective refraction error were measured by the TOPCON chart projector and refractometer on 147 kindergarteners and 233 primary school children ranging from age 5 to 12. The measurement on the unaided visual acuity of children were 3% for below the 0.1 visual acuity 9% for 0.1~0.4. 18% for 0.5~0.7. 16% for 0.8~0.9. and 54% for over 1.0 visual acuity respectively. The refractive errors were 9.35% for mixed astigmatism. 14.5% for hyperopia 75.88% for myopia. and 0.27% for emmetropia. respectively. When analyzing the environmental factors. the relationship between the children's visual acuity and the number of hours the children watched TV. the more hours they watched TV. the more the children lost their visual acuity. The visual acuity of children decreased abruptly in the groups that watched TV more than 4 hour a day. When comparing the relationship between the children's visual acuity and proximity to the TV, the further away from the TV they were the higher visual acuity. There is rna relation between the children's visual acuity and the studying hour or reading hour of children. The relationship between the children's visual acuity and their dwelling environment, the visual acuity of children who lived in an independent house were better than the visual acuity of children who dwelled in an apartment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.217-221
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• 2002

After we compared the Unaided visual acuity and the Corrected visual acuity who were wearing spectacles, all over elementary school in Iksan, we could get conclusions like these. 1. The grades are getting higher, there are more who are 0.6 unaided visual acuity, and getting higher Corrected who were wearing spectacles. 2. There are 30% who have to change their wearing spectacles. 3. Higher grade separated into good or worth visual acuity then lower grade. 4. When the first grade grow up third grade, change of unaided visual acuity increased at 0.2, decreased 0.7 and 1.0, but the case of fourth grade becomes sixth grade shown a little changes unaided visual acuity.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.141-143
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• 2008

Purpose: This study investigated visual acuity and refractive error in elementary schoolchildren and examined relationship between visual acuity and refractive error. Methods: Naked visual acuity and refractive error for selected 200 schoolchildren (400 eyes) of 1st, 3rd and 6th grades. Results: The refractive error in hyperopia was gradually decreased and visual acuity was increased as higher grade. The regression line of Y=2.1471X-3.1484 (F=313.9377, P<0.001) and closed inter-relationship were found between visual acuity and refractive error in myopia. The regression line equation of Y=-0.6854X+1.1764 (F=7.054, P<0.01) and closed inter-relationship were found between visual acuity and refractive error in hyperopia. The relationship between visual acuity and refractive error in astigmatism was Y=2.2509X-2.8738 (F=21.7952, P<0.001) and closed inter-relationship was found. Conclusions: Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism showed closed inter-relationship with visual acuity.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2013

Purpose: The degree of the pupil covered with tinted region of circle soft contact lens was determined according to the illuminant conditions in everyday life and the change of visual acuity by its covering was further investigated. Methods: The circle contact lens having the non-tinted area of 6.2 mm in the center of the lens was applied on 82 eyes in their 20s and their minimum separable visual acuity and minimum legible visual acuity were determined under the luminances of 50 and 370 lux. Results: The covering of pupil was not found when wearing circle contact lens under 370 lux, however, some pupil covering ranged from 0.40 to 1.70 mm was observed in all subjects under 50 lux. The minimum separable visual acuity and minimum legible visual acuity were significantly decreased by the wearing of circle contact lens under 50 lux and the correlation between the larger pupil size of subjects and more decrease of visual acuity was observed. Furthermore, the decrease of minimum separable visual acuity was larger than the case of minimum legible visual acuity indicating that minimum separable visual acuity was largely affected by the covering of pupil. Conclusions: The consideration is necessary for the lens wearers and the manufacturers since the wearing circle contact lens in low-light indoor or nighttime activities may affect directly visual acuity.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate effects of increased breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) which is the standard measurement of alcohol consumption in sobriety test under current laws on visual acuity and values of objective refraction. Methods: For twenty three males in 20s (average age $21.17{\pm}2.19$ years, body mass index (BMI) $22.09{\pm}2.16$) were selected. Distance and near visual test was performed at BrAC of 0%, 0.05% and 0.08%, and objective refraction with open-field auto-refractometer was also performed at different BrAC. Results: As breath alcohol concentration is increased, distance visual acuity was decreased, which was statistically significant, but near visual acuity was not changed. Also, values of objective refraction tended to be increased towards minus as breath alcohol concentration is increased. Conclusions: As breath alcohol concentration is increased, corrected visual acuity is decreased and refractive power is towards minus, it is necessary that visual acuity test and refraction measurement should be conducted under sober condition.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2013

Purpose: This purpose of study was to investigate the relationships among functional state, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction in the elderly with decreased visual acuity. Methods: The subjects were 162 elderly people from the G university hospital. Functional state was measured by Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI) and Minimum Data Set-Home Care version 2.0 (MDS HC 2.0). Self-efficacy and Life satisfaction were measured by the tool of Rho & Lee (2011) and Yoon (2007). Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and logistic regression. Results: The daily life function was significantly associated with self-efficacy and vision decrease. The regression model with these two variables explained 35.6% of the variance of daily life function. IADL was significantly associated with vision decrease, age, gender, and self-efficacy. The regression model with the three variables explained 52.9% of the variance of IADL. Life satisfaction is significantly associated with self-efficacy, daily life function, vision decrease and IADL. The last regression model with the four variables explained 51.8% of the variance of life satisfaction. Conclusion: The levels of functional state, self-efficacy and life satisfaction in the elderly with decreased visual acuity were low. Self-efficacy was an important factor that influences on the functional state and life satisfaction. Therefore, nursing interventions that can enhance the self-efficacy are required in order to increase the functional state and life satisfaction in the elderly with decreased visual acuity.