• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.84-91
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aims to investigate treatment of cancer patients at a secondary hospital. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed with electronic medical records of cancer patients admitted to a secondary hospital from January 1, 2009 through September 31, 2017. Results: A total of 223 patients were studied. Sixty-nine patients were hospitalized for supportive care after receiving a surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy at a tertiary hospital, 58 patients for other supportive care, 53 patients for symptom control, 16 patients with a decision not to take active cancer treatment, and 27 patients for treatment of cancer that was diagnosed during their hospital stay. Among 75 patients who were discharged to other institutions, 50 were transferred to tertiary hospitals, 10 to long-term care hospitals, eight to hospice hospitals, four to nursing homes and two to secondary hospitals. Comorbidities were found in 120 patients (53.8%). For patients who consulted with more than one department, more consultations were for non-cancer diseases than cancer. Seventy-three patients had a do-not-resuscitate order. Conclusion: For treatment of cancer patients, it is needed to establish a cooperation system among medical institutions and provide comprehensive management including treatment of comorbidities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2005

Objective : To elucidate the correlates of self-rated fatigue in Korean employees. Methods : The data for 10,176 (men, 7,984; women, 2,192; mean age, 34.2; SD: 8.8) employees recruited from a nationwide sample were examined. A structured questionnaire was used to measure the participants' fatigue, sociodemographics (sex, age, education, and marital status), job-related characteristics (work duration, grade at work, work hours, shiftwork, employment type, and magnitude of workplace), and health-related habits (smoking, drinking, coffee intake, and exercise). Two types of measurement for fatigue were used to evaluate the magnitude of fatigue: self-rated question and a standardized measurement tool (Multidimensional Fatigue Scale: MFS). Results : According to the self-rated fatigue, 32% of employees reported that they felt fatigue for the past two weeks, and 9.6% of males and 8.7% of females had experienced excessive fatigue (6 months or more). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that fatigue measured by MFS was more common in women, younger, college or more graduated, single, and employees who do not regularly exercise. Fatigue was also associated with long work hours, and the size of the workplace (<1,000 employees). Conclusions : These results suggest that fatigue has been considered as a common complaint, and that it is affected by job-related factors like work hours and the workplace size as well as sociodemographics or health-related behaviors. Further research is needed to clarify the effects of fatigue on adverse health outcomes, work performance, work disability, sick absence and medical utilization, and to examine the relationship of job characteristics (e.g.: work demand, decision latitude) to fatigue.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2003

Objective : This study was conducted in order to investigate professional job perception, job stress and job satisfaction in doctors. Method : The authors conducted a survey using a self-administered questionnaire, conducted between August and September,2001. The study subjects were 457 doctors practicing at local clinics in Daegu City. Results : For the professionalism scale, the score for 'sense of calling to field' and 'feeling of autonomy' were relatively high, Age, working hours per day, and perception of socioeconomic status significantly influenced the professionalism scale scores (p<0.01). For the job stress scale, the scores for 'clinical responsibility/decision' factor were the highest of all the surveyed factors. Working hours per day significantly influenced the job stress scores (p<0.01). To investigate the overall relationship between the variables, the authors conducted a linear structural equation model analysis. The equation was statistically appropriate and a good fit. The job stress, and the professionalism factors, respectively influenced job satisfaction negatively and positively (T>2.0). The working hours per day and status perception also influenced their job satisfaction (T>2.0). Conclusion : To promote the iob satisfaction of doctors, the development of coping tools and other intervention methods are needed to increase doctor's professional job perception and reduce their job stress. Further studies are required to understand the characteristics of job satisfaction and for its promotion with doctors.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.126-132
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• 2014

Purpose: The field trauma triage for injured patients is essential for trauma care system. In this study, agreement of patient evaluation between by prehospital EMS personnel and by hospital staffs and the appropriateness of prehospital triage were evaluated. Methods: This observational study was conducted from September to October 2012 for 5 weeks. During this period, EMT evaluated patient's severity according to guideline for field triage and recorded. Same guideline was applied in 26 hospitals for patients with EMS use. Kappa statistics were used to measure agreement for each item of guideline. Finally, over-triage and under-triage rate of EMT were calculated. Results: During study period, total 3,106 patients were transferred to 26 hospital emergency departments with EMS use. Kappa statistics for "vital signs" items were 0.45 for mentality lower than V and 0.44 for systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg as a moderate agreement. In "anatomy of injury" items Kappa statistics were very low. In "mechanism of injury" items Kappa statistics were 0.28 for high-rise fall down and 0.27 for high energy traffic accident but in other items Kappa statistics were very low. 362 patients (12.0%) were over-triaged and 281 patients (9.3%) were under-triaged. Conclusion: Field triage can be applied but need to evaluate and modify in order to become accurate and sensitive for decision of transportation.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.93-128
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• 2012

Defense technology planning identifies medium-and long-term core technologies to accomplish future defense goals and suggests strategies for future R&D. In order to promote the export-oriented defense industry, planning paradigms should be shifted from technology-oriented planning that focuses on weapon systems to market- oriented R&D planning. This study aims to strategically support 'preliminary technology planning' the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality is pushing ahead with. Through market-orientation analysis models of weapon systems based on defense R&D planning, data research on previous market-oriented research, and the analyses and examples of global defence markets, it evaluates market attractiveness to UAVs and drew methods for exploring markets and enhancing competitiveness of military equipment. The market-oriented analysis model of weapon systems is considered to be a helpful reference as a relevant factor for decision making on establishing and verifying requirement planning. In particular, if a market-oriented defense R&D planning process is established institutionally, it will enable us to make export strategies tailored to different equipment from the planning phase and to support marketing strategically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2006

Purpose : To identify general characteristics of school personnel with recent fatigue which was the most frequent symptom among subjective symptoms and to explore fatigue-related factors by evaluating physical and perceived health status, life style, and symptoms through data mining techniques. Methods : We collected a data of the 1,147(male 545, female 602) who were elementary, middle, or high school personnel, answered a questionnaire, and received physical examination in Seoul School Health Center from September to November in 2000. And we investigated the differences between fatigue group and non-fatigue group for demographic characteristics, physical health status, perceived health status, symptoms, and laboratory values by frequency, chi-square test, t-test, or simple logistic regression analysis by SAS package 8.1, and then selected significant variables as input variables of a decision tree analysis of CART model by SAS E-miner. Results : In general characteristics, the fatigue consisted of 41.1%(male 35.2%, female 46.4%) among 1,147 school personnel. In classical statistics, factors related with fatigue were female, lower means of systolic and diastolic pressure, young age, personnel in middle school, irregular eating habit, no exercise a week or less than 30minutes exercise a day, perception of unhealthy status, and subjective symptoms including short of breath at exercise. In simple logistic regression to examine the relationship between selected independent variables and fatigue as a dependent variable, the odds ratio of gender (female vs male) was 1.58 times, and young age ( 20s vs 60s) 20.67 times, and middle vs high school personnel 1.86 times. However, we mined combined several characteristics by SAS-E miner. In CART model, if health perception was healthy, and age was >= 37.5 years, the proportion of the fatigue was only 19.3%. but if health perception was not healthy and symptom was severe 'short of breath' during exercise and age was < 53.5 years, and BMI was >= 22.69, the proportion of the fatigue was up to 84.8%. Conclusions : The fatigue consisted of 41.1%(male 35.2%, female 46.4%). In classical statistics, fatigue-related factors among school personnel were young age, female gender, perceived unhealthy status, subjective physical symptoms, poor life-style, and lower blood pressure rather than only physical health status. However, in data mining, if health perception was healthy and age was >= 37.5 years, the proportion of the fatigue was only 19.3%. but if health perception was not healthy and symptom was severe 'short of breath' during exercise and age was < 53.5 years, and BMI was >= 22.69, the proportion of the fatigue was up to 84.8%.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.193-204
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• 2012

Purpose: This correlation study was performed to examine Korean adults' perceptions and attitudes towards death with dignity and the withdrawal of life sustaining treatment and to identify factors that predict their attitude towards death with dignity. Methods: The study was conducted using convenience sampling of 291 adults from three towns of a metropolitan city in Korea. Data were collected using structured questionnaires which surveyed people's perception about and attitudes towards withdrawal of life sustaining treatment and scaled their attitude towards death with dignity. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression. Results: The attitude towards the withdrawal of life sustaining treatment and death with dignity showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.49, P<0.001). For attitudes towards death with dignity, significant predictors were attitudes towards the withdrawal of life sustaining treatment, age, religion, a proper withdrawal process and advanced medical directives, which explained 49.3% of total variance. Conclusion: The results of this study may contribute to development of a new medical decision-making system including nurses' appropriate roles in the process of withdrawing life sustaining treatment and advanced medical directives.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

Temperature of fresh concrete can be effectively used to predict the strength of concrete being cured and make an informed decision for stripping the molds. A hygrothermograph and thermo-couple sensors that require an extensive wiring have been applied to measure a temperature of concrete at the early stage of the curing process on site. However, these methods have limits to provide the temperature data in real time due to harsh working environment including frequent cutting of wires. Therefore, this study is aiming at developing a device based on wireless sensor network to measure the temperature of concrete being cured in formwork. The result showed that the wireless sensor with probe type thermistor which is developed had the same temperature data compared to the existed wire type thermistor, and we confirmed the temperature history of concrete in real time for 28 days throughout the gateway by wireless network that collects the temperature data measured from specimens in laboratory. Also, the network device for transmission can be easily separated from the probe sensor part and reused consistently. If the wireless sensor network device developed uses in the field, the temperature management of concrete will be systematically conducted from at the early stage of the curing, and especially be effective for cold weather concrete construction. In addition, it will contribute to the establishment of advanced quality control system for concrete and productivity of supervisors on site will be increased in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 2014

Waste landfill site which is the facility usually rejected by communities is generally perceived as one of the serious social problems. It causes serious conflicts between interested parties from the beginning of the site selection process and produces various difficulties throughout the installation process. This study suggests the systematization and standardization of the landfill site selection process to reduce those problems and to objectify the process. The study process and results are as follows. First, the landfill site selection process was divided into 4 general phases rather than more specific fragmented phases and the requirements for each phase were suggested accordingly. This can make the process clearly organized and bring the standardization of the process by increasing the applicability of each phase for various situations. Second, the utilization of GIS(Geographic Information System) and PAPRIKA (Potentially All Pairwise RanKings of all possible Alternatives) among the various MCDA(Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis) methods was suggested as the objective and scientific method. Third, the hypothetical case study on the landfill site selection process of Cheongju city was conducted based on the information above and the results show the practicability and objectivity of the newly defined landfill site selection process in this study.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.732-743
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• 2008

In H.264/AVC, 4$\times$4 block transform is used for intra and inter prediction instead of 8$\times$8 block transform. Using small block size coding, H.264/AVC obtains high temporal prediction efficiency, however, it has limitation in utilizing spatial redundancy. Motivated on these points, we propose a multi-dimensional transform which achieves both the accuracy of temporal prediction as well as effective use of spatial redundancy. From preliminary experiments, the proposed multi-dimensional transform achieves higher energy compaction than 2-D DCT used in H.264. We designed an integer-based transform and quantization coder for multi-dimensional coder. Moreover, several additional methods for multi-dimensional coder are proposed, which are cube forming, scan order, mode decision and updating parameters. The Context-based Adaptive Variable-Length Coding (CAVLC) used in H.264 was employed for the entropy coder. Simulation results show that the performance of the multi-dimensional codec appears similar to that of H.264 in lower bit rates although the rate-distortion curves of the multi-dimensional DCT measured by entropy and the number of non-zero coefficients show remarkably higher performance than those of H.264/AVC. This implies that more efficient entropy coder optimized to the statistics of multi-dimensional DCT coefficients and rate-distortion operation are needed to take full advantage of the multi-dimensional DCT. There remains many issues and future works about multi-dimensional coder to improve coding efficiency over H.264/AVC.