• 설비공학논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.505-513
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• 2005

We measured the time-dependent concentration of VOCs emitted from Ondol floor, furniture, and the wall made of various building materials. After obtaining results from the previous measurement, we developed the estimation equations of the concentration decay, and obtained the estimated graphs for the concentration decay under different air change rates and loading factor conditions by using the estimated equations. We conducted our tests by applying our measurements to real residences for 110 days in the case of furniture and for 40 days in the case of the floor. We also conducted experiments in the cases of various wall materials for 7 days which totaled 10 times. We used the GC/FID for experiments for real residences accord-ing to the specified procedures of the NIOSH 1501, and carried out experiments for wall materials according to the specified procedures of the ASTM 5116-97. When conducting experiments for wall materials, we set the temperature and relative humidity at $23^{\circ}C$ and $50\%$, respectively. We also set the air change rate and loading factor at 0.7/h and $1.617 m^2/m^3$, respectively. Our results showed that it is possible to predict proplrly the time-dependent concentration decay of VOCs by using logarithmic functions in both cases of experiments for real residences and for wall materials. Furthermore, we found that the concentration decay rate of VOCs increased rapidly as the air exchange rate increased while the concentration decay rate decreased as the loading factor increased.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2018

The residual chlorine concentration is an essential factor to secure reliable water quality in the water distribution systems. The chlorine concentration decays along the pipeline system and the main processes of the reaction can be divided into the bulk decay and the wall decay mechanisms. Using EPANET 2.0, it is possible to predict the chlorine decay through bulk decay and wall decay based on the pipeline geometry and the hydraulic analysis of the water distribution system. In this study, we tried to verify the predictability of EPANET 2.0 using data collected from experimental practices. We performed chlorine concentration measurement according to various Reynolds numbers in a pilot-scale water distribution system. The chlorine concentration was predicted using both bulk decay model and wall decay model. As a result of the comparison between experimental data and simulated data, the performance of the limited $1^{st}$-order model was found to the best in the bulk decay model. The wall decay model simulated the initial decay well, but the overall chlorine decay cannot be properly predicted. Simulation also indicated that as the Reynolds number increased, the impact of the wall.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1155-1163
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• 2006

Calculation was carried out for phase velocity and deformation wave decay in a layer of viscoelastic material fixed tightly on the solid substrate. Analysis has been performed regarding the inner structure of the wave, i.e., the proportions between the vertical and horizontal displacements and their profiles. The wave characteristics depend strongly on media compressibility factor. The effect of viscous losses on parameters of the main oscillation mode was studied in detail. Results were compared with the model of coating with local deformation. A new experimental approach was made in order to measure such wave properties of a compliant coating as the dependency of deformation wave velocity on frequency and decay factor was made. The method for estimation of coating parameters enabling the drag reduction in turbulent flow was then refined.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.793-800
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• 2008

Recently domestic drinking water industry has recognized membrane-based technology as a promising alternative for water treatment. To ensure successful application of membrane processes, the integrity of membrane systems should be maintained. According to US EPA guidance, the pressure decay test based on the bubble point theory is recommended to detect any membrane defection of which size is close to the smallest diameter of Cryptosporidium oocysts, $3{\mu}m$. Proper implementation of the pressure decay test is greatly affected by initial test pressure, and the interpretation of the test results is associated with upper control limit. This study is conducted to investigate various factors affecting determination of initial test prtessure and upper control limit, including membrane-based parameters such as pore shape correction factor, surface tension and contact angle, and system-based parameters, such as volumetric concentration factor and total volume of system. In this paper, three different hollow fibers were used to perform the pressure decay test. With identical initial test pressure applied, their pressure decay tendency were different from each other. This finding can be explained by the micro-structure disparity of those membranes which is verified by FESEM images of those membranes. More specifically, FESEM images revealed that three hollow fibers have asymmetry, deep finger, shallow finger pore shape, respectively. In addition, sensitivity analysis was conducted on five parameters mentioned above to elucidate their relation to determination of initial test pressure and upper control limit. In case of initial pressure calculation, the pore shape correction factor has the highest value of sensitivity. For upper control limit determination, system factors have greater impact compared to membrane-based parameters.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2005

In this study, time-dependent concentration variations of VOCs from fixed furniture and Ondol floor widely used as finishing material of the floor were measured, and prediction equations were developed based on the measured results. VOCs were measured and analyzed based on EPA TO-17 and NIOSH 1500, 1501 method respectively, and GC/FID were used for the analysis of VOCs concentration. Measurements were carried out for 10 days after the installation of furniture and for 40 days after the installation of the floor in the residence constructed more than 10 years ago. In both case of floor and furniture installation, time-dependent concentration decay of VOCs can be properly converted into logarithmic scale. Especially in case of furniture, toluene showed the highest concentration and took longest time to decay. As a result of the prediction of VOCs concentration decay under different air change rate using estimated equations, concentration decay rate of indoor VOCs increased rapidly as the air change rate also increased.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2008년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.377-380
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• 2008

In this work, we measured the spatiotemporal surface charge distribution by the longitudinal electro-optic amplitude modulation method with BSO single crystal to investigate the decay and diffusion characteristics of surface charges in three types of MgO. The speed of decay and diffusion of two different kinds doped MgO is compared with those of pure MgO. The difference in the characteristics of the decay and diffusion between the electron and ion surface charges is investigated separately. We found that the rate of ion decay is the major factor that makes the difference of the temporal variation of wall voltage among different types doped MgO.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.2773-2778
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• 1994

Tumbling motion is very effective for turbulence enhancement during compression process in the cylinder of 4-valve engines. In this paper the tumble decay mechanism for different intake port configuration were measured using laser Doppler velocimetry. Analysis of the tumble decay mechanism was achieved by means of two non-dimensional parameters, defined as tumble eccentricity and shape factor in tumble velocity profile, in addition to the tumble moment.

• Architectural research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2005

Unlike other countries, Korea uses various kinds of wall-paper as finishing material. Conventional wall-paper consists of paper and vinyl, and petrochemical ink is used for the decoration of the surface. Adhesive is used to paste the wall with the wall-paper, which emit substantial amounts of VOCs and formaldehyde. In this study, VOCs characteristics emitted from specimens made of concrete, mortar, gypsum board and wall-paper were investigated using small chamber method. Moreover, concentration and emission factor of BTEX(Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, m,p,o-Xylene) and TVOC were investigated, and concentration and emission factor decay were estimated. As a result of the prediction, both time-dependent concentration decay and cumulative concentration can be converted into the logarithmic scale. Furthermore, prediction equations were developed from the experimental results under accurately controlled experimental conditions. Therefore, there may be difference if the estimated equations are directly applied to real buildings. Further research should be done on the generalization of the developed prediction equations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제4권1_2호
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• pp.38-51
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• 1981

The present investigation was estimated the effect of temperature, precipitatiion, and time on the decomposition of litters with litter bags of Pinus densiffora and Quercus mongolica at Gure where elevation in 50m, and at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m on Mt. Jiri. As the above results, decomposition model was proposed to relation of the environmental conditions. And was investigated the production and decomposition of litters from the stands of various forest communities in Kwangneung, Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla. The results are as follows; The models for the decay of organic carbon (C) was as follows: $C=Coe^{-Kt}$ (limiting factor;time) $C=Coe^{-K'te}$ (limiting factor;tempedrature) $C=Coe^{-KnP}$ (limiting factor:precipitation) As observed in litter bag method, the decomposition rate of litter in Pinus densiflora was slower than that of Quercus mongolica. The higher elevation, the slower decomposition rate. The decomposition of litters at Gure where elevation in 50m was equally influenced by temperature and precipitation. But at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m was much inflenced by precipitation. The decay constant of litters was larger in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the more elevatiion, the less decomposition constant. The time required for the decay of 50%, 95^, 99% of the accumulated litters in the forest floor were faster in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the higher elevatiion, the longer time required.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.533-540
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• 2001

Material damping is an important parameter to evaluate the site response by a dynamic loading. Currently the material damping of the subgrade is mainly determined by a resonant column testing. Typical methods to evaluate material damping include half-power bandwidth method and free-vibration decay method. In the large strain range, the half-power bandwidth method gives an erratic damping factor, because the method is based on the assumption of the linear behavior of a specimen. The free-vibration decay method has also limitations in that the damping factors vary with the range of cycles in calculation, and also in that the specific shear strain can not be designated for the free vibration. In this study, the frequency-phase method, which was developed to evaluate material damping of a beam simply supported, is introduced to evaluate the material damping by the resonant column testing. Also, the comparison among half-power method, free-vibration decay method and the frequency-phase method is provided for a remolded sand.