• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 1998

American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) of various ages were harvested every two weeks during each of three growing seasons and dry matter yield of components and root respiration determined. Shoot dry weight was about 0.5 g, 2.5 g and 4 g for 2, 3 and 4-year-old plants, respectively and fruit dry weight was as much as 50% of this in 3- and 4-year-.old plants. Root dry weight decrease by 30~50% as shoots emerged and at the end of the season was about 2 g, 3.5 g and 5 g in 2, 3, 4 and 5-year-old plants, respectively. Shoot and root dry weight were linearly related with an approximate 1:2 ratio. Root respiration rate at 2$0^{\circ}C$ in the dark was about 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW(dry weight) min-1 in the early season, then doubled within 50 days as shoots emerged, and thereafter declined over the season to 2~5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW min-1. The Q10 for dark respiration over the interval from 10 to 2$0^{\circ}C$ was 1.58. Root respiration rate and shoot growth rate was positively linearly related in all ages of plants. Key words: Dry weight, partitioning.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.79-97
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• 2004

We propose a permutation approach to the classic Behrens-Fisher problem of comparing two means in the presence of unequal variances. It is motivated by the observation that a paired test is valid whether or not the variances are equal. Rather than using a single arbitrary pairing of the data, we average over all possible pairings. We do this in both a parametric and nonparametric setting. When the sample sizes are equal, the parametric version is equivalent to referral of the unpaired t-statistic to a t-table with half the usual degrees of freedom. The derivation provides an interesting representation of the unpaired t-statistic in terms of all possible pairwise t-statistics. The nonparametric version uses the same idea of considering all different pairings of data from the two groups, but applies it to a permutation test setting. Each pairing gives rise to a permutation distribution obtained by relabeling treatment and control within pairs. The totality of different mean differences across all possible pairings and relabelings forms the null distribution upon which the p-value is based. The conservatism of this procedure diminishes as the disparity in variances increases, disappearing completely when the ratio of the smaller to larger variance approaches 0. The nonparametric procedure behaves increasingly like a paired t-test as the sample sizes increase.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.2
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• pp.178-182
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• 2009

A new mixed-effects model was developed that predicts individual-tree total height for Pinus densiflora trees in Gangwon province as a function of individual-tree diameter (cm). The mixed-effects model contains two random-effects parameters. Maximum likelihood estimation was used to fit the model to 560 height-diameter observations of individual trees measured throughout Gwangwon province in 2007 as part of the National Forest Inventory Program in Korea. The new model is an improvement over fixed-effects models because it can be calibrated to a local area, such as an inventory plot or individual stand. The new model also appears to be an improvement over the Forest Resources Evaluation and Prediction Program for the ten calibration trees used in this study. An example is provided that describes how to estimate the random-effects parameters using ten calibration trees.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3319-3322
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• 2014

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Jamaican women. This study assessed the clinicopathologic features of cases in a hospital-based specialist clinic in Kingston, Jamaica. A retrospective chart review was performed for the 2-year study period and relevant clinical and surgico-pathologic data were recorded and analyzed. Median age of the 121 breast cancer patients was 52 years (range 22-84, IQR 20) and there was 1 case of male breast cancer. Most patients (65%) were referred from the surgical service after definitive breast cancer surgery, 20% were referred for pre-operative systemic therapy, and 15% had a diagnosis of metastatic disease. The surgico-pathologic group comprised 78 women who were referred for adjuvant therapy. The majority had presented with a palpable breast lump (91%), with median tumour size 3.5cm (range 0.4-13, IQR 4). Most tumours were node positive (56%). Approximately one-third of patients had stage III disease (33%). Most women presented with large palpable tumours and had lymph node involvement confirmed on surgicopathological evaluation, indicative of limited early breast cancer detection. A national screening mammography programme is recommended for detection of earlier lesions. Pre-operative systemic therapy should be considered as an option for eligible patients.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.371-376
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• 2020

The study seeks to explore the factors affecting the access to credits by individual customers at commercial banks in Tra Vinh province, Vietnam. Based on these results, the author proposes solutions to further improve the ability to serve individual customers at commercial banks in the province in the future. The study was conducted with a method of collecting primary data of 300 individual customers including 150 people with access to credits and 150 people without accessing to credits at six commercial banks in Tra Vinh Province, Viet Nam - Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bank for Foreign Trade Commercial Bank, Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam, Asia Commercial Bank in Tra Vinh, Sai Gon Commercial Joint Stock Bank, and Bank of East Asia. The author has used binary regression methods, and the study found that seven factors affecting the ability of individual customers to access capital, namely, career, qualifications, collaterals, incomes, documents, loan and business plans, and experience. In particular, occupation, experience, and documents are the most influential factors. From the above results, the author proposes policy implications to improve individual customers' access to credits at commercial banks in Tra Vinh province in the near future.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.61-93
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• 2018

This paper examines the gender pay gap among doctorate holders in Korea to understand the determinants of this gap and control of its variation. A particular focus of this study is to seek to infer the extent to which this pay gap is the consequence of gender-based disparate treatment. The main results indicate that there is a sizeable gender pay gap even among workers with doctorate degrees, that is, very highly educated workers. Moreover, this gender pay gap cannot be largely explained by gender differences in characteristics, indicating the existence of discrimination against female doctorate holders in the Korean labor market.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 2015

This article assesses factors that affect the ability of local fire branch heads in Taiwan to mobilize volunteer organizations in local emergency responses. Data from a survey of local fire branch heads in Taiwan is analyzed by using an OLS model to test three hypotheses regarding the relationship between the dependent variable, perceived ability to mobilize volunteer organizations in emergency response, and three explanatory variables: organizational capacity, quality of communication, and the quality of citizen engagement ex-ante to emergency response. The model indicates a positive relationship between the ability to mobilize volunteer organizations in emergency response, the quality of communications, and the quality of citizen engagement in preparedness. The research suggests that local fire branch heads and volunteer organizations should begin the process of emergency response mobilization in the preparedness stage. The quality of the citizen engagement in preparedness stages should increase the ability of local fire branch managers to mobilize external resources in emergency response.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to enumerate the annual morbidity and mortality incidence and estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with occupational injuries and illnesses in Bangkok in 2008. In this study, data on workmen compensation claims and costs from the Thai Workmen Compensation Fund, Social Security Office of Ministry of Labor, were aggregated and analyzed. Methods: To assess costs, this study focuses on direct costs associated with the payment of workmen compensation claims for medical care and health services. Results: A total of 52,074 nonfatal cases of occupational injury were reported, with an overall incidence rate of 16.9 per 1,000. The incidence rate for male workers was four times higher than that for female workers. Out of a total direct cost of $13.87 million, $9.88 million were for medical services and related expenses and $3.98 million for compensable reimbursement. The estimated amount of noncompensated lost earnings was an additional $2.66 million. Conclusion: Occupational injuries and illnesses contributed to the total cost; it has been estimated that workers' compensation covers less than one-half to one-tenth of this cost.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.344-353
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• 2015

In the present study the characteristics of turbulent oscillatory flows in a square-sectional $180^{\circ}$curved duct were investigated experimentally. A series of experiments for air flow were conducted to measure axial velocity profiles, secondary flow velocity profiles and pressure distributions. The measurements were made by a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) system with a data acquisition and processing system which includes Rotating Machinery Resolve (RMR) and PHASE software. The results from the experiment are summarized as follows. (1) The maximum velocity moved toward the outer wall from the region of a bend angle of $30^{\circ}$. The velocity distribution had a positive value extended over the total phase in the region of a bend angle of $150^{\circ}$. (2) Secondary flows were generally proportional to the velocity of the main flow. The intensity of the secondary flow was about 25% as much as that in the axial direction. (3) Pressure distributions were effects of the oscillatory Dean number and respective region.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.361-371
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• 2010

Enhancement in the seismic buckling capacity of steel tanks caused by the addition of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) retrofit layers attached to the outer walls of the steel tank is investigated. Three-dimensional non-linear finite element modeling is utilized to perform such analysis considering non linear material properties and non-linear large deformation large strain analysis. FRP composites which possess high stiffness and high failure strength are used to reduce the steel hoop stress and consequently improve the tank capacity. A number of tanks with varying dimensions and shell thicknesses are examined using FRP composites added in symmetric layers attached to the outer surface of the steel shell. The FRP shows its effectiveness in carrying part of the hoop stresses along with the steel before steel yielding. Following steel yielding, the FRP restrains the outward bulging of the tank and continues to resist higher hoop stresses. The percentage improvement in the ultimate base moment capacity of the tank due to the addition of more FRP layers is shown to be as high as 60% for some tanks. The percentage of increase in the tank moment capacity is shown to be dependent on the ratio of the shell thickness to the tank radius (t/R). Finally a new methodology has been explained to calculate the location of Elephant foot buckling and consequently the best location of FRP application.