• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.4837-4844
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• 2016

Objectives: To describe the survival experience of cervix cancer patients in a screened rural population in India. Methods: Included 558 cervical cancer patients diagnosed in 2000-2013 in a cohort of 100,258 women invited for screening during 2000-2003. The primary end point was death from cervical cancer. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate cumulative observed survival and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the effect of patient characteristics on survival after diagnosis. Results: Of the 558 cases included, 143 (26%) and 114 (20%) were diagnosed in stages IA and IB respectively; 252 (45.2%) were dead, and 306 (54.8%) were alive at the last follow-up. The overall 5-year observed survival was 60.5%. The 5-year survival of stage IA patients was 95.1% and 5.3% for stage IV patients. All surgically treated stage IA patients, 94.1% of stage IB patients receiving intracavitary radiotherapy, 62% of stage IIB, 49% of stage III and 25% of stage IV patients receiving radiotherapy survived for 5 years. Conclusion: Higher 5-year survival in our study than elsewhere in India is due to the high proportion of early stage cancers detected by screening combined with adequate treatment, resulting into a favourable prognosis.

• 한국공간구조학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간구조학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.66-69
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• 2008

본 연구는 도로 상부에 휴식과 통행이 가능한 공간을 조성하여 녹지 및 휴게 공간을 확보하고 각 구역간의 연결성 및 접근성을 높일 수 있는 장 스팬 구조의 처짐의 거동을 해석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이러한 장 스팬 구조의 경우, 부재의 크기를 결정할 때 도심 미관과 하부의 차량소통을 고려하여야 한다. 그 결과 부재의 크기가 세장해지는 결과를 가져오게 되며 이는 구조물의 과다 처짐을 유발할 수가 있다, 여기에서는 부재의 크기 제한과 구조물의 과다 처짐을 방지하기 위하여 구조물 하부에 언더텐션을 적용한 후, 그 효과와 처짐 거동에 대하여 비교 분석하였다. 언더텐션이란 상부에서의 하중을 하부 케이블의 인장력을 이용하여 그 하중을 양 단부로 전달하는 시스템을 말하며, 케이블의 크기와 개수, 포스트의 개수와 크기 및 간격에 따라서 효과가 다르게 나타날 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 케이블의 크기와 개수, 포스트의 개수와 크기 및 간격을 변수로 하여 장 스팬 구조의 처짐 거동을 비교하였다. 하중은 활하중과 고정하중이 평면에 재하되는 것을 기본으로 가정하였으며, 해석결과는 상용 프로그램인 마이더스(MIDAS)를 이용하여 언더텐션의 효과를 처짐에 맞추어 비교 검토하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.584-590
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• 2005

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) was purified from Aspergillus aculeatus, a filamentous fungus previously isolated from infected tongue of a patient. The enzyme, apparently homogeneous, had a specific activity of $220\;units\;mg^{-1}$/, a molecular weight of $105,000{\pm}5,000$ Dal by gel filtration and subunit size of $52,000{\pm}1,100$ Dal by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The substrate specificity was extremely strict, with glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) being oxidized by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) only. At assay pH of 7.5, the enzyme had $K_m$ values of $6\;{\mu}m$ and $75\;{\mu}m$ for NADP and G6P respectively. The $k_{cat}$ was $83\;s^{-1}$. Steady-state kinetics at pH 7.5 produced converging linear Lineweaver-Burk plots as expected for ternary-complex mechanism. The patterns of product and dead-end inhibition suggested that the enzyme can bind NADP and G6P separately to form a binary complex, indicating a random-order mechanism. The enzyme was irreversibly inactivated by heat in a linear fashion, with G6P providing a degree of protection. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), and fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), in decreasing order, are effective inhibitors. Zinc and Cobalt ions were effective inhibitors although cobalt ion was more potent; the two divalent metals were competitive inhibitors with respect to G6P, with $K_i$ values of $6.6\;{\mu}m$ and $4.7\;{\mu}m$ respectively. It is proposed that inhibition by divalent metal ions, at low NADPH /NADP ratio, is another means of controlling pentosephosphate pathway.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.124-133
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• 2010

The total number of the dogs bred in Korea as of 2007 was 1,917,709, and among them, 77%, 1,476,776 dogs were edible dogs. Dogmeat has been legalized edible as food from Choseon dynasty, Daehan imperial state, Japan-occupied era till the present Korea. Dogs had been included in the article 2, Enforcement Ordinance of Processing and Disposal Rule of Livestock and Its Products until the end of Jan. 1979, but it was crossed out by the Notification No 3,005(Feb. 1 1979 effective) of the Minister of Agriculture and Marine Products, and as a result, the obligation that dogs should be slaughtered at the slaughtering ground was defunct. Thus, the arbitrarily dog slaughtering was empowered. As a matter of fact, the new law was not legalized in order to ban dogs from being slaughtered. The waste amount of slaughtered edible dogs amounts to 7,282 tons annually, and most of its waste from the arbitrarily-slaughtered dog is being illegally dumped without proper management and supervision. Edible dogs defecate 292,509 tons(calculates urine as dung) annually, but it is sanitarily disposed according to the Law of Management and Use of Livestock's Dung and Urine which took effective from Sep. 2009. Annual sales amount of edible dogs comes to 590 billion won on the basis of the shipment at breeding ground, but after passing through various level of marketing, and being processed as Gaesoju, and Boshintang, it forms 4 trillion won market when it reaches customers. The amount of food waste in Korea in 2007 came to 5,274,944 tons, and 633 billion won was spent for its disposal cost. Korean edible dogs of 1,476,776 heads consumed 1,266,705 tons, the 24% of total food waste. Edible dogs are the most effective means to convert food waste into food for man, not entailing the cost of disposal. On the other hand, pet dog culture brought about disposal cost, and the 51,188 dogs were abandoned at 2007, while 7 billion won was spent for the protection, euthanasia of them and the disposal of their dead bodies.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-71
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• 2017

Antimicrobial polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes containing zerovalent iron ($Fe^0$) and magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) nanoparticles were synthesized via phase inversion method using polyethersulfone (PES) as membrane material and nano-iron as nanoparticle materials. Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) were prepared by the reduction of iron ions with borohydride applying an inert atmosphere by using $N_2$ gases. The magnetite nanoparticles (nMag) were prepared via co-precipitation method by adding a base to an aqueous mixture of $Fe^{3+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ salts. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and dynamic light scattering analysis. Moreover, the properties of the synthesized membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The PES membranes containing the nZVI or nMag were examined for antimicrobial characteristics. Moreover, amount of iron run away from the PES composite membranes during the dead-end filtration were tested. The results showed that the permeation flux of the composite membranes was higher than the pristine PES membrane. The membranes containing nano-iron showed good antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The composite membranes can be successfully used for the domestic wastewater filtration to reduce membrane biofouling.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.429-438
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 초고층 피난안전설계 기준 개선을 위하여 국내외 피난관계법령에 대하여 비교분석 하였다. 그 결과, 국내 피난관계법령기준 개선사항을 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫 번째, 수용인원에 대한 피난용량을 산정하도록 하며, 2이상의 출구 요구시 1개 출구접근 불가할 경우에도 피난용량의 50%이상을 충족하도록 해야 한다. 두 번째, 계단 또는 출구간 이격거리 기준 규정을 통해 이방향 피난이 원활이 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 한다. 세 번째, 막다른 복도 및 통로에 대한 길이제한을 규정해야하며 이는 스프링클러 유무에 따라서도 제한의 차등을 두어야 한다. 네 번째, 피난안전구역과 엘리베이터 및 계단의 경우 안전한 피난경로를 확보하며 피난유도를 하여야 하며, 피난층 이외의 층에서도 수평방향의 피난안전성 확보를 위하여 별도의 피난안전구역 마련이 필요하다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.188-202
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• 2004

고준위폐기물의 처분개념 실증을 위해 원자력연구소부지 내에 지하연구시설을 건설하는 경우, 지표면지형의 변화, 두터운 풍화대의 존재가 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 부지 특성과 터널의 경사 및 터별의 크기에 따른 영향 분석과 함께 수백 m의 터널을 단계적으로 굴착하는데 따른 영향을 FLAC3D를 이용한 3차원 구조해석을 통해 분석하였다. 해석결과 굴착을 단계적으로 실시하는데 따르는 응력이나 변위분포에는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으며 이는 지하연구시설의 부근에서는 응력재분포에 의한 소성영역의 발생은 없기 때문이다. 최대 응력으은 5 ㎫로 압축응력이 작용할 것으로 예상된다. 최대응력은 터별의 끝 부분에서 20 m 전방으로 터별의 벽면에서 발생할 것으로 예상되며 터널 경사각이나 풍화대의 크기, 터널의 크기변화에 따른 터널에서의 응력과 변위분포 변화는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 진입터널과 연구모듈의 교차지점에 대한 모델링 결과 응력비 K가 3인 경우 구조적으로 가장 취약한 지점에서의 안전계수가 3이상으로 나타난다. 본 연구를 통해 원자력연구소 내 예상 부지에 소규모 지하연구시설을 구조적으로 안전하게 건설하는 것이 가능함을 보일 수 있었다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.14-26
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• 2001

A lot of designers are adopting a mixed imitation as techniques of cretion because cultural boundary and structure of meaning in the era of post-modernism are collapsed and dissolved. I raise up a question mark to how can genuine and creative designers can be identified at this epoch when we are today familiar with the trend of informationalization, opening and globalization. Characterisitics of multi-culturalism and compromising blending are meshed with appearance of a theory of disorganization and consumer-driven economic activity of multi-national enterprises in the age of post capitalism. Accordingly it can be said that designers are leaning upon public and consumeroriented pattern rather than pursuing a creative cultural production. With mass media in rapid advancement and public culture in father dissemination, mass production and mass re-production became a natural cultural phenomenon strengthen ing its root. Creative designers somewhat slow and limitative in pace of adaption to rapid changing society amid such social backgrounds and flooded information are coming to dead-end of wall. A mixed imitation as techniques of creation is a result of borrowing, duplicating or re-combining of existing things because the mixed imitation is equivalent to borrowing, copying, compilation and recombination of well-known artworks, motive, diverse people's cultural features, image, techniques and the likes. It is too delicate thing for one to definitely distinguish such cultural phenomenon from either one as creative work or a plagiarized work. Looking into the facts as they are, we should recognize the designers limitation in their creative works by means of the mixed imitation. thus we can have a view upon them from a criticizing standpoint against the designers creation and imitation. On the other hand, when we look at things how the mixed imitation appears in the fashion as a piece of culture, we can understand something of the contemporary designers. I try to find a significance in seeking out a method of approaching to creative fashion designers direction in future times.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2014

Objectives: The present study investigated the toxic properties of petroleum ether extract of Wattakaka (W.) volubilis in Wistar female rats. Methods: An in vitro brine shrimp lethality bioassay was studied in A. Salina nauplii, and the lethality concentrations were assessed for petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. A water soluble portion of the test extract was used in different concentrations from $100-1000{\mu}g/mL$ of 1 mg/mL stock solution. A 24-hours incubation with a 1-mL aliquot in 50 mL of aerated sea water was considered to calculate the percentage rate of dead nauplii with test extract administration against a potassium-dichromate positive control. The acute and the sub-acute toxicities of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were evaluated orally by using gavage in female Wistar rats. Food and water intake, body weight, general behavioral changes and mortality of animals were noted. Toxicity or death was evaluated following the administration of petroleum ether extract for 28 consecutive days in the female rats. Serum biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and ${\alpha}$-amylase levels, were measured in the toxicity evaluations. Pathological changes in isolated organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas, were also examined using hematoxylin and eosin dye fixation after the end of the test extract's administration. Results: The results of the brine-shrimp assay indicate that the evaluated concentrations of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were found to be non-toxic. In the acute and the sub-acute toxicity evaluations, no significant differences were observed between the control animals and the animals treated with extract of W. volubilis. No abnormal histological changes were observed in any of the animal groups treated with petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. Conclusion: These results suggest that petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis has a non-toxic effect in Wistar female rats.

• 천문학회보
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.65-65
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• 2011

Early-type galaxies represent the end point of galaxy evolution and, despite pervasive residual star formation, are generally considered "red and dead", that is composed exclusively of old stars with no star formation. Here, their molecular gas content is constrained and discussed in relation to their evolution, supporting the continuing importance of minor mergers and/or cold gas accretion. First, as part of the Atlas3D survey, the first complete, large, volume-limited survey of CO in normal early-type galaxies is presented. At least of 23% of local early-types possess a substantial amount of molecular gas, the necessary ingredient for star formation, independent of mass and environment but dependent on the specific stellar angular momentum. Second, using CO synthesis imaging, the extent of the molecular gas is constrained and a variety of morphologies is revealed. The kinematics of the molecular gas and stars are often misaligned, implying an external gas origin in over a third of all systems, more than half in the field, while external gas accretion must be shot down in clusters. Third, many objects appear to be in the process of forming regular kpc-size decoupled disks, and a star formation sequence can be sketched by piecing together multi-wavelength information on the molecular gas, current star formation, and young stars. Fourth, early-type galaxies do not seem to systematically obey all our usual prejudices regarding star formation (e.g. Schmidt-Kennicutt law, far infrared-radio continuum correlation), suggesting a greater diversity in star formation processes than observed in disk galaxies and the possibility of "morphological quenching". Lastly, a first step toward constraining the physical properties of the molecular gas is taken, by modeling the line ratios of density- and opacity-sensitive molecules in a few objects. Taken together, these observations argue for the continuing importance of (minor) mergers and cold gas accretion in local early-types, and they provide a much greater understanding of the gas cycle in the galaxies harbouring most of the stellar mass. In the future, better dust masses and dust-to-gas mass ratios from Herschel should allow to place entirely independent constraints on the gas supply, while spatially-resolved high-density molecular gas tracers observed with ALMA will probe the interstellar medium and star formation laws locally in a regime entirely different from that normally probed in spiral galaxies.