• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2010

This research investigated that the effect of water temperature on egg developmental stages of largescale blackfish Girella punctata and smallscale blackfish Girella melanichthys. The required times from fertilized embryos to hatching for the G. punctata were 67.8~37.5 hrs from 15 to $21^{\circ}C$, shorter as the water temperature increased. But fertilized embryos were dead after Kuffer's vesicle appearance stage at $24^{\circ}C$ and morula stage at $27^{\circ}C$. Biological minimum temperature (starting point for embryonic development) of the egg development was estimated to be $7.6^{\circ}C$ in average. In G. melanichthys, fertilized embryos were hatched within 61.2~38.3 hr from 15 to $21^{\circ}C$, the times were shorter as the water temperature increased to hatching, but its were dead on above $24^{\circ}C$. Biological minimum temperature of the egg development was estimated to be $6.5^{\circ}C$ in average. Based upon these results, it is recommended that the range of optimum water temperature for embryonic development of G. punctata and G. melanichthys is $15{\sim}21^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.94-106
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• 2020

Recently, the radio navigation method utilizing the GPS(Global Positioning System) satellite information is widely used as the method to measure the position of objects. As GPS applications become wider and fields based on various positioning information emerge, new methods for achieving higher accuracy are required. In the case of autonomous vehicles, the INS(Inertial Navigation System) using the IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit), and the DR(Dead Reckoning) algorithm using the in-vehicle sensor, are used for the purpose of preventing degradation of accuracy of the GPS and to measure the position in the shadow area. However, these positioning methods have many elements of problems due not only to the existence of various shaded areas such as building areas that are continually enlarged, tunnels, underground parking lots and but also to the limitations of accumulation-based location estimation methods that increase in error over time. In this paper, an efficient positioning method in a large underground parking space using Fingerprint method is proposed by placing the AP(Access Points) and directional antennas in the form of four anchors using WLAN, a popular means of wireless communication, for positioning the vehicle in the GPS shadow area. The proposed method is proved to be able to produce unchanged positioning results even in an environment where parked vehicles are moved as time passes.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.37
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• pp.111-149
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• 2018

This story is written by Shin Kwang-han who is a famous scholar and writer in Josun Dynasty. The most notable feature of this story is the love between a man and a dead woman. The protagonist has failed the test to be a national official for several years, because of the corruption and unfairness of the leaders of his society. He is very upset, but then changes his mind in order to become an officer. One day he meets a dead woman. He saves her life from death, and falls in love with her. Finally he marries her and attains a high position. Till now, all the aspects of this story have been extensively researched from a number of different perspectives. However the narrative structure of this story has not been discussed much. This story belongs to Jungi-novel, a kind of old story style which includes fantasy. The studies on this story have mostly been carried out to find the different features in comparison with other works of the same style. Further, we could not understand its own specific meaning structure. This study aims to find the narrative structure of this story. It was recognized by researchers that Shin's stories talk about his life and his perspective of the world. Further, I will try to show how he expresses his thoughts, emotion and life through this story. First, to obtain a satisfactory result through this study, I will find a way to resolve several problems that have become the center of the controversy. Afterward, the conflict and resolution the hero's relation to the world will be identified in every paragraph. Through these efforts, we will have a new point of the view about the narrative structure of this story and the intent expressed by the writer through its structure.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.191-217
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• 2006

The chief mourners do their best to carry the dead and various things related to him in the departure of a funeral procession. "Sejongsillok" and "Gukjooryeui" had already written the national funeral supplies for carriage in detail in the early of Joseon period. But they were the standard book of national ceremony. The Ilbang of Gukjangdogam made the national funeral supplies for carriage in the late of Joseon; Daeyeo, Gyeonyeo, Yoyeo, Chaeyeo, Gaja etc. "Gukjangdogamuigye" explained these in detail; size, materials, made-place etc. I used "Gukjangdogamuigye" published in the late of Joseon to explain the national funeral supplies for carriage. Because Kingdom's ceremony in Joseon was representative to the country, it couldn't depend on an individual taste. King was the symbol of a nation and the star tin point of the political power at that time. So its ceremony was to show people the representative example as a national ceremony. The national funeral supplies for carriage carried the dead of King and various things related to him. Gukjangdogam managed them carefully. People thought that the mean of these things was equal to King's authority at that time. So these weren't the mere national funeral supplies for carriage, the symbolic instruments equal to King.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

This study was carried out to compare stand structure and dynamics in Abies koreana forest in Yeongsil area of Mt. Hallasan between 2011 and 2017 by analysing DBH distribution, tree vitality, importance value (IV) and species diversity through the national long-term ecological research project conducted by National Institute of Environmental Research. As a result of DBH distribution, A. koreana decreased in all DBH class except 20-25 cm and the number of individual decreased by 16.3 percent from 780 to 655. As a result of tree vitality of A. koreana, the number of standing alive (AS) decreased by 16.2 percent from 652 to 546, while that of standing dead (DS) increased by 15.8 percent from 106 to 126 and that of fallen dead (DF) increased by 193.7 percent from 16 to 47, respectively. Importance value of A. koreana decreased by 2.4 percent point from 45.9 % to 43.5 %. Species diversity increased by 0.006 from 0.513 to 0.519. The weakening of the A. koreana in the Yeongsil area of Mt. Hallasan could be considerably supported by many aspects such as DBH distribution, tree vitality and importance value. Therefore, Long-term ecological monitoring and continuously research in that area should be conducted to clarify the effects of ecosystem changes.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.396-408
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to compare the proximal surface contour, size of contact area, and volume difference before and after restoration in artificial teeth of primary molars during proximal composite resin restoration using different matrix systems. Four types of artificial teeth were restored with composite resin using sectional matrix systems-Palodent V3 Sectional Matrix System and myJunior Kitand a circumferential matrix system-Tofflemire Matrix System-and modeled threedimensionally for analysis. When sectional matrix systems were used, there was a higher probability of concave proximal surface contour and simultaneously greater contact area and volume. This is attributed to the dead soft properties of the matrix band used in sectional matrix systems, which can lead to deformation of the band and hence an excessive amount of resin applied around the contact point. Additionally, the rubber wedge in the sectional matrix system may not help the matrix band fit into the cavity. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, morphological aspects need to be carefully considered for proximal composite resin restoration of primary molars using sectional matrix systems.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 1993

Ladino clover stolen growing in grazed sward transplanted in 1/5,000a Wagner pot with two rows and were grown in green house with 12h lighting. Fifty days after transplanting the first cutting was made, the secound and 3rd cutting was made 20 days after each harvest. Treatment were nitrogen fertilization level of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg N/10a. Nitrogen was top dressed after transplanting and each cutting. Growing point, above and under ground DM yield, nitrogen fixation, crude protein of stolon, root and change of acetylene reduction activity after cutting were investigated. Result are as follows. 1. Growing point, DM production were heighst in 5 kg N at the first and 2nd harvest while 2.5 kg at 3rd cutting. Plants with 7.5 kg N/10a were dead at 3rd harvest. There were significant differences in growing point between treatment. 2 Nitrogen fixation of ladino clover were the heightest in 2.5 kg N pot at 1st cutting and as cutting and N fertilization were contiuned nitrogen fixation activity was lowered. 3. Leaf have more crude protein than that of stolen and root while plant crude protein increased by 2nd cutting as plant got more nitrogen fertilizer and again decreased in 3rd cutting. 4. Acetylene reduction activity were lowest at 3 week and recovered normal level at 5 week after cutting, also DM root was same trend.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.591-598
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• 2002

In the ship structural design, the material cost of hull weight and the overall cost of construction processes should be minimized considering safety and reliability. In the past, minimum weight design has been mainly focused on reducing material cost and increasing dead weight reflect the interests of a ship's owner. But, in the past experience, the minimum weight design has been inevitably lead to increasing the construction cost. Therefore, it is necessary that the designer of ship structure should consider both structural weight and construction cost. In this point of view, multi-objective optimization technique is proposed to design the ship structure in this study. According to the proposed algorithm, the results of optimization were compared to the structural design of actual VLCC(Very Large Crude Oil Carrier). Objective functions were weight cost and construction cost of VLCC, and ES(Evolution Strategies), one of the stochastic search methods, was used as an optimization solver. For the scantlings of members and the estimations of objectives, classification rule was adopted for the longitudinal members, and the direct calculation method, GSDM(Generalized Slope Deflection Method), lot the transverse members. To choose the most economical design point among the results of Pareto optimal set, RFR(Required Freight Rate) was evaluated for each Pareto point, and compared to actual ship.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.204-216
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• 2006

Latest advances in hardware technology and state of the art of mobile robot and artificial intelligence research can be employed to develop autonomous and distributed monitoring systems. And mobile service robot requires the perception of its present position to coexist with humans and support humans effectively in populated environments. To realize these abilities, robot needs to keep track of relevant changes in the environment. This paper proposes a localization of mobile robot using the images by distributed intelligent networked devices (DINDs) in intelligent space (ISpace) is used in order to achieve these goals. This scheme combines data from the observed position using dead-reckoning sensors and the estimated position using images of moving object, such as those of a walking human, used to determine the moving location of a mobile robot. The moving object is assumed to be a point-object and projected onto an image plane to form a geometrical constraint equation that provides position data of the object based on the kinematics of the intelligent space. Using the a priori known path of a moving object and a perspective camera model, the geometric constraint equations that represent the relation between image frame coordinates of a moving object and the estimated position of the robot are derived. The proposed method utilizes the error between the observed and estimated image coordinates to localize the mobile robot, and the Kalman filtering scheme is used to estimate the location of moving robot. The proposed approach is applied for a mobile robot in ISpace to show the reduction of uncertainty in the determining of the location of the mobile robot. Its performance is verified by computer simulation and experiment.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.641-652
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• 2007

In this paper, a half-scaled substructure test was performed to evaluate the buckling and structural safety of an existing transmission tower subjected to wind load. A loading scheme was devised to reproduce the dead and wind loads of a prototype transmission tower, which uses a triangular jig that is mounted on the reduced model to which the similarity law of a half length was applied. As a result of the preliminary numerical analysis carried out to evaluate the stability of a specimen for the design load, is was confirmed that the calculated axial forces of tower leg members were distributed to $80{\sim}90%$ of an admissible buckling load. When the substructured transmission tower was loaded by 270% of its maximum admissible buckling load, it was failed due to the local buckling that is occurred in joints with weak constraints for out-of-plane behavior of leg members. By inspection of load-displacement curves, displacements and strains of members, it is considered that this local buckling was due to additional eccentric force by unbalanced deformation because the time that is reached to yielding stress due to the bending moment is different at each point of a same section.