• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2018

Purpose: To propose improved method for normalization, compare to the de facto international standard which is IESNA TM-21 or conventional normalization methods. Methods: Firstly, we analysed conventional methods and specified the problem of normalization method which is based on first measured data. Secondly, we proposed our approach which is based on the design specification. Lastly, we studied a real degradation data which is conducted for 15,000 hours. Conclusion: Proposed normalization method is better approach because it can reflect real data and design specification, and reduce distortion when analysing degradation data. Also, It is appliable to other long-life reliability items.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.590-598
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• 2022

Benchmarking is an important tool to assess the performance of capital projects in the construction industry. Incorporating cost-related metrics into a benchmarking system requires an effective cost normalization process to enable meaningful comparisons among projects that were executed at different locations and times. Projects in the downstream and chemicals sector have unique characteristics compared to other types of construction projects, they require a distinctive cost normalization framework to be developed to benchmark their absolute cost performance. The purpose of this study is to develop such a framework to be used for the case of benchmarking the downstream and chemical projects for their performance assessment. The research team started with a review of existing cost normalization methodologies adopted in benchmarking systems and conducted 7 interviews to identify the current cost normalization practices used by industrial professionals. A panel of 12 experts was then convened and it held 6 review sessions to accomplish the framework development. The cost normalization framework for benchmarking downstream and chemical projects was established as a three-step procedure and it adopts a 4-element cost breakdown structure to accommodate projects submitted by both owners and contractors. It also incorporated 5 published cost indexes that are compatible with downstream and chemical projects and they were embedded into 2 options to complete the normalization process. The framework was then pilot-tested on 4 completed projects to validate its functional practicality and the downstream and chemical use case in the benchmarking system.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1021-1033
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• 2021

Objective: To assess the expression of vascular normalization genes in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer and to determine whether molecular subtypes with a higher vascular normalization gene expression can be identified using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Materials and Methods: This prospective study evaluated 306 female (mean age ± standard deviation, 50 ± 10 years), recruited between January 2014 and August 2017, who had de novo breast cancer larger than 1 cm in diameter (308 tumors). DCE MRI followed by IVIM DWI studies using 11 different b-values (0 to 1200 s/mm²) were performed on a 1.5T MRI system. The Tofts model and segmented biexponential IVIM analysis were used. For each tumor, the molecular subtype (according to six [I-VI] subtypes and PAM50 subtypes), expression profile of genes for vascular normalization, pericytes, and normal vascular signatures were determined using freshly frozen tissue. Statistical associations between imaging parameters and molecular subtypes were examined using logistic regression or linear regression with a significance level of p = 0.05. Results: Breast cancer subtypes III and VI and PAM50 subtypes luminal A and normal-like exhibited a higher expression of genes for vascular normalization, pericyte markers, and normal vessel function signature (p < 0.001 for all) compared to other subtypes. Subtypes III and VI and PAM50 subtypes luminal A and normal-like, versus the remaining subtypes, showed significant associations with K^trans, k_ep, v_p, and IAUGC_BN90 on DEC MRI, with relatively smaller values in the former. The subtype grouping was significantly associated with D, with relatively less restricted diffusion in subtypes III and VI and PAM50 subtypes luminal A and normal-like. Conclusion: DCE MRI and IVIM parameters may identify molecular subtypes of breast cancers with a different vascular normalization gene expression.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2023

뉴스와 취재 프로그램 같은 방송에서는 제보자의 신원 보호를 위해 음성을 변조한다. 음성 변조 방법으로 피치(pitch)를 조절하는 방법이 가장 많이 사용되는데, 이 방법은 피치를 재조절하는 방식으로 쉽게 원본 음성과 유사하게 음성 복원이 가능하다. 따라서 방송 음성 변조 방법은 화자의 신원 보호를 제대로 해줄 수 없고 보안상 취약하기 때문에 이를 대체하기 위한 새로운 음성 변조 방법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 Voice Privacy Challenge에서 비식별화 성능이 검증된 Lightweight 음성 비식별화 모델을 성능 비교 모델로 사용하여 피치 조절을 사용한 방송 음성변조 방법과 음성 비식별화 성능 비교 실험 및 평가를 진행한다. Lightweight 음성 비식별화 모델의 6가지 변조 방법 중 비식별화 성능이 좋은 3가지 변조 방법 McAdams, Resampling, Vocal Tract Length Normalization(VTLN)을 사용하였으며 한국어 음성에 대한 비식별화 성능을 비교하기 위해 휴먼 테스트와 EER(Equal Error Rate) 테스트를 진행하였다. 실험 결과로 휴먼 테스트와 EER 테스트 모두 VTLN 변조 방법이 방송 변조보다 더 높은 비식별화 성능을 보였다. 결과적으로 한국어 음성에 대해 Lightweight 모델의 변조 방법은 충분한 비식별화 성능을 가지고 있으며 보안상 취약한 방송 음성 변조를 대체할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1415-1425
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• 2016

This paper presents a new approach for fault diagnosis in three-level neutral point clamped inverters. The proposed method is based on the average values of the positive and negative parts of normalized output currents. This method is capable of detecting and locating multiple open-circuit faults in the controlled power switches of converters in half of a fundamental period of those currents. The implementation of this diagnostic approach only requires two output currents of the inverter. Therefore, no additional sensors are needed other than the ones already used by the control system of a drive based on this type of converter. Moreover, through the normalization of currents, the diagnosis is independent of the load level of the converter. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic technique are validated by experimental results obtained under steady-state and transient conditions.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2006

전산화 대상 규모가 확대되면서 새로운 방식의 데이터 모델링 방법론이 필요하게 됨에 따라 자료 설계라는 것에 최근 들어 1980년대 초반 못지 않게 이른 바 데이터 거버넌스 혹은 데이터 질 등의 화두의 모습으로 큰 관심이 재연되고 있다. 그러나 데이터 모델링에 대한 확고한 견해를 가지고 있지 못하기 때문에 막상 데이터베이스 설계를 실무적으로 소화해 내기에는 적지 않은 어려움을 겪게 된다 본 논문에서는 업무의 요구 형성/분석 단계부터 데이터베이스 구현까지 최종 단계까지를 체계적인 방법론을 통해 정보시스템의 데이터 모델을 창출하는 정규화 중시의NS방법론을 적용한 설계방법과 기존의 관행에 의해 역정규화를 어쩔 도리 없이 용인하고 마는 정보공학(Information Engineering, 약칭 IE)방법론 기반의 설계방법과 비교한다. 동일한 업무를 대상으로 설계된 데이터 설계 산출물을 기준으로 각종 측면에서 비교해 봄으로써 정규화 중시 기반의 체계적 방법론이 기업의 정보시스템의 성능 향상에 어느 정도 기여하는지를 정량 파악하였다. 비교 실험 결과, 개체 설정의 타당성, 설계의 균형성 지표인 사각고리형 경로 유무, 그리고 속성중복률 면에서 모두 NS방법론적 설계가 우수하였다.

• 대기
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.525-537
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• 2021

Black ices on road surfaces in winter tend to cause severe and terrible accidents. It is very difficult to detect black ice events in advance due to their localities as well as sensitivities to surface and upper meteorological variables. This study develops a methodology to detect the road sections vulnerable to black ice with the use of road surface temperature data obtained from a mobile road weather observation vehicle. The 7 experiments were conducted on the route from Nam-Wonju IC to Nam-Andong IC (132.5 km) on the Jungang Expressway during the period from December 2020 to February 2021. Firstly, temporal road surface temperature data were converted to the spatial data with a 50 m resolution. Then, the spatial road surface temperature was normalized with zero mean and one standard deviation using a simple normalization, a linear de-trend and normalization, and a low-pass filter and normalization. The resulting road thermal map was calculated in terms of road surface temperature differences. A road ice index was suggested using the normalized road temperatures and their horizontal differences. Road sections vulnerable to black ice were derived from road ice indices and verified with respect to road geometry and sky view, etc. It was found that black ice could occur not only over bridges, but also roads with a low sky view factor. These results are expected to be applicable to the alarm service for black ice to drivers.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2009

Purpose: To detect the progression of experimentally induced periapical lesions on periapical radiograph and cone beam computed tomograph (CBCT) by quantitative analysis. Materials and Methods: After the removal of coronal pulps from premolars of two Beagle dogs, the root canals of premolars were exposed to oral environment during one week and then sealed for 70 days. Digital periapical radiographs and CBCTs were taken at baseline and every 7 days for 77 days after pulp exposure. We examined occurrence and areas of periapical bone resorption. Three comparative groups of CBCT radiographs were prepared by average projection of thin slabs with different bucco-lingual thicknesses (0.1, 3.0, and 8.0 mm) using a 3D visualization software. Radiographic densities were compensated by image normalization. Digital images were processed with mathematical morphology operations. The radiographic density and morphological features of periapical lesions were compared among three groups of CBCT in different time points. Results: In the CBCT group with 0.1 mm thickness, radiographic density (p<0.05) and trabecular bone area (p<0.01) were significantly decreased at the fifth week. However, in the CBCT groups with 3 mm and 8 mm thickness and periapical radiographs, none of densitometric and morphological features showed any significant differences in different time points. Radiographic density of periapical lesion showed increasing tendency at the eleventh week after pulp exposure. Conclusion: Radiographic detection of periapical lesions was possible at the fifth week after pulp contamination by quantitative method and was affected by buccolingual bone thickness.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.18-27
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• 2007

The conventional normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm is the most widely used for adaptive identification within a non-stationary input context. The convergence of the NLMS algorithm is independent of environmental changes. However, its steady state performance is impaired during input sequences with low dynamics. In this paper, we propose a new NLMS algorithm which is, in the steady state, insensitive to the time variations of the input dynamics. The square soot (SR)-NLMS algorithm is based on a normalization of the LMS adaptive filter input by the Euclidean norm of the tap-input. The tap-input power of the SR-NLMS adaptive filter is then equal to one even during sequences with low dynamics. Therefore, the amplification of the observation noise power by the tap-input power is cancelled in the misadjustment time evolution. The harmful effect of the low dynamics input sequences, on the steady state performance of the LMS adaptive filter are then reduced. In addition, the square root normalized input is more stationary than the base input. Therefore, the robustness of LMS adaptive filter with respect to the input non stationarity is enhanced. A performance analysis of the first- and the second-order statistic behavior of the proposed SR-NLMS adaptive filter is carried out. In particular, an analytical expression of the step size ensuring stability and mean convergence is derived. In addition, the results of an experimental study demonstrating the good performance of the SR-NLMS algorithm are given. A comparison of these results with those obtained from a standard NLMS algorithm, is performed. It is shown that, within a non-stationary input context, the SR-NLMS algorithm exhibits better performance than the NLMS algorithm.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.409-436
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• 2013

본 연구는 장애인 거주시설의 성격을 규명하고 거주시설을 이용하는 장애인의 사회접 배제를 방지하기 위해 복지권과 돌봄의 윤리 관점에서 거주시설 개선 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 우리나라 장애인 거주시설의 주요한 특성으로는 집단성, 격리성, 권력불평등성, 비선택성을 지적하였으며, 이를 위해서는 돌봄의 윤리와 복지권의 관점에서 보충성의 원칙, 정상화의 원칙, 신뢰의 원칙, 개별성의 원칙에 따라 거주시설이 운영되어야 함을 제시하였다. 또한 이를 실현하기 위한 정부의 과제로는 서비스신청권을 통한 일괄 조사, 시설의 소규모화와 지역사회 배치, 사례관리(개별지원)의 체계화, 서비스 제공과정의 구조화 등을 제시하였고, 시설운영자의 과제로서는 시설사회화의 노력 강화, 이용자 참여의 활성화를 제시하였다.