• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2016

The present study aimed to compare and investigate the morphological characteristics and yield components according to ploidy level of diploid and tetraploid Platycodon grandiflorum under vinyl-greenhouse and open field conditions. Plant height of diploid and tetraploid P. grandiflorum was 51.3 ㎝, 54.0 ㎝, respectively. The results revealed that the plants grown in the vinyl-greenhouse showed significantly higher growth compared to those grown in the open field. Regardless of the growing place, diploid and tetraploid of P. grandiflorum showed the rapid elongation of internodes after 4 and 3 internodes respectively and elongation tends to be decreased as entering the flower-bud differentiation period. The starting day of flowering in vinyl-greenhouse cultivation was found to be faster than that of the open field cultivation by 2∼3 days and tended to be delayed by about 5∼6 days in tetraploid P. grandiflorum compared to diploid. Fresh weight of roots from the vinyl-greenhouse cultivation showed a high quantity as 34.2g and 49.4g in diploid and tetraploid P. grandiflorum, respectively and especially tetraploid P. grandiflorum was found to be increased by approximately 44.4% compared to other plots.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.543-554
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• 2021

To preventively control fire blight in apple trees and determine policies regarding field monitoring, the Maryblyt ver. 7.1 model (MARYBLYT) was evaluated in the cities of Chungju, Jecheon, and Eumseong in Korea from 2015 to 2020. The number of blossom infection alerts was the highest in 2020 and the lowest in 2017 and 2018. And the common feature of MARYBLYT blossom infection risks during the flowering period was that the time of BIR-High or BIR-Infection alerts was the same regardless of location. The flowering periods of the trees required to operate the model varied according to the year and geographic location. The model predicts the risk of "Infection" during the flowering periods, and recommends the appropriate times to control blossom infection. In 2020, when flower blight was severe, the difference between the expected date of blossom blight symptoms presented by MARYBLYT and the date of actual symptom detection was only 1-3 days, implying that MARYBLYT is highly accurate. As the model was originally developed based on data obtained from the eastern region of the United States, which has a climate similar to that of Korea, this model can be used in Korea. To improve field utilization, however, the entire flowering period of multiple apple varieties needs to be considered when the model is applied. MARYBLYT is believed to be a useful tool for determining when to control and monitor apple cultivation areas that suffer from serious fire blight problems.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Background: Duodichogamy is the rarest form of dichogamy in angiosperms, which is characterized by flowering in the sequence of male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male. Disentangling factors promoting duodichogamy require the discovery of more duodichogamous species in angiosperms. However, extremely limited information on duodichogamous species makes it difficult to make general conclusions. Given the inflorescence morphology and flowering characteristics, the Meliaceae family is highly likely to contain duodichogamous species. Methods: We selected 48 individuals from 20 populations in Korea and investigated their flower morphology, arrangement of flowers by sexual condition within inflorescences, and flowering phases and duration of male and female flowers of Toona sinensis (Meliaceae) for 5 years (2011-2015) to determine if the species shows duodichogamous flowering. Results: Toona sinensis belonging to Meliaceae possessed functionally unisexual flowers with rudimentary parts of the opposite sex. The floral organs in male were larger than those in female, except for ovary length and width. In dichasium, male flowers were observed on primary or lateral branches, whereas female flowers were borne only on lateral branches. Overall, individuals from six different populations flowered in the male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male sequence, thereby male is blooming far longer than female flowers at the level of individual trees (male vs. female = 17-20 days vs. 2-4 days). Conclusions: This is the first study to report a duodichogamously flowering species, T. sinensis, within Meliaceae. Several flowering characteristics observed from T. sinensis may be important clues used to discover additional duodichogamous Meliaceae species. Short flowering period and relatively small number of female flowers, which is analogous to reduced ovule numbers observed in other duodichogamous species, may intensify male-male competition in T. sinensis. This study contributed to narrowing down potential candidates of duodichogamy based on their geographic distributions and flowering time.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of artificial light sources with different light qualities on the growth and flowering characteristics of a herbaceous long-day plant, Petunia ${\times}$ hybrida Hort. Seedlings of petunia cultivar 'Madness Rose' were potted, acclimated for one week, and grown in a phytotron equipped with tube- and bulb-type fluorescent lamps (FL tube and bulb), tube-type white light-emitting diodes (LED tube), halogen lamps (HL), metal halide lamps (MH), and high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) for 10 weeks. The temperature, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in the phytotron were $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 16 h, and $25{\pm}2{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. Light sources combined with HL promoted stem elongation, and plant height and internode length decreased with increasing red to far-red (R:FR) ratio. FL tube + LED tube, HPS, and FL tube promoted branching, whereas plants grown under light sources combined with HL did not have any branches. Days to flowering (from longest to shortest) occurred as follows: FL tube + HL > FL tube + HL > MH > HPS = FL tube + FL bulb > FL tube + LED tube > LED tube > FL tube, indicating that reducing the R:FR ratio of the light sources promoted flowering. Only 20% of plants grown under an FL tube flowered, whereas under all other treatments, 100% of plants flowered. At 10 weeks after treatment, plants grown under HPS and MH had (cumulatively) 12 open flowers, and those grown under FL tube + FL bulb, LED tube, FL tube + LED tube, and HPS treatment had approximately seven flower buds. These results suggest that light sources with low R:FR ratios promote flowering and stem elongation in petunia, but they reduce its ornamental value due to overgrowth and poor branching.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Ethephon을 처리하여 트리티케일의 간장을 단축시켜 도복을 방지하는 방법을 찾기 위하여 시험한 결과 Ethephon 처리시 출수기는 수잉기에 처리했을 때는 무처리에 비해 250 ppm과 500 ppm 농도에서는 2일, 1,000 ppm 이상에서는 4일이 늦어졌으나, 개화기와 성숙기는 차이가 없었다. 간장은 Ethephon 농도가 높을수록 작아졌고, 간장 단축률은 수잉기의 1,500 ppm 처리가 37%의 단축률로 처리 효과가 가장 컸으며, 하위절보다 상위절의 단축률이 컸다. 수장, 영화수, 리터중 등에서 무처리와 큰 차이가 없었고, 천립중은 무처리에 비해 약간 무거웠다. 발아율은 차이가 없었으며, 수량은 처리 농도에 관계 없이 모두 증수하는 경향을 보였으며, 수잉기 1,000 ppm 처리에서 최고 5%까지 증수하였다. 발아에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 수확시기를 앞당길 수 있는 방법을 찾고자 실시한 건조제 처리 후 수확시기 단축효과와 종자의 품질을 보면, 건조제 처리후 수확적기 수분함량에 도달하는 일수는 출수 후 30일 처리가 15일, 출수 후 35일 처리가 10일이 걸렸고, 출수 후 40일과 45일 처리가 5일이 걸다. 건조제 처리 후 수확시기는 출수 후 30일과 35일 처리가 관행재배에 비해 8일, 출수 후 40일 처리가 5일이 빨랐다. 건조제 처리시 천립중은 출수 후 처리 일수가 늦어질수록 무거웠고, 발아율 또한 출수 후 처리 일수가 늦어질수록 높아지는 경향을 보였으나, 출수 후 35일 이후에는 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 수량은 출수 후 30일 처리구가 관행재배의 37% 수준, 출수 후 35일 처리가 70%수준이었고 출수 후 40일 처리가 92% 수준으로 생리적 성숙기 이전에 건조제를 처리하면 품질에 큰 영향을 준다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.539-553
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• 2010

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain accurate information (single oral dose toxicity) of Lonicerae Flos (LF; Dried flower bud parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb (Caprifoliaceae)), which has traditionally been used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : 1. After single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. 2. Slight diarrhea was detected in most mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts and male mice of LF aqueous extracts 1,000 mg/kg within 2 days after end of treatment, respectively. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of LF aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg, the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, we also observed the possibility of digestive disorders like diarrhea when over 1,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts were administered in the present study.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2001

Species of the genus Orobanche are parasitic flowering plants, holoparasites, which cling to the roots of green plants. Their tiny seeds (200 x $250\mu\textrm{m}$) germinate in response to chemical stimuli produced by host and some non-host plants. Successful contact with their host leads to development of haustoria for obtaining water and food. The shoots above the ground expose flowers and disseminate seeds. Several samples of Orobanche ramosa, O. crenata, O. cernua, and O. egyptiaca were collected from different localities in Jordan. These samples showed one of the following disease symptoms: dry rot at the base of the stem; general deterioration and expanded lesion from base upward; soft tissue maceration of stem; and black rot of flower parts with incomplete maturation of the ovary and seeds. Isolation from diseased stems and seeds was made on three different mycological media. Several fungi were isolated, mainly, Fusarium spp., Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia sp., Dendrophora sp., Chaetomium sp., and an ascomycetus fungus with a perithecium. Pathogenicity tests showed that Fusarium spp. and Alternaria alternata attacked healthy living tissue of Orobanche spikes. These fungi caused lesions of black soft rot and complete deterioration within 5-7 days. They also attacked Orobanche seeds, arresting their germination and causing maceration of non-germinated and germinated seeds after 5-7 days of incubation. Meanwhile, Dendrophora sp. and Chaetomium sp. caused limited lesion at first, but were able to colonize the tissue as it aged and senesced. This study showed the presence of a potential endogenous pathogenic fungi in Jordan, which can be investigated as a biological control for Orobanche.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.172-183
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• 1994

접합내생균근 균(AMF)이 있는 토양을 이용하여 여러 종류의 비료를 주면서 식물을 재배하여, AMF포자 증식에 대하여 관찰하였다. 식물뿌리에서 AM화된 뿌리는 여러가지 형태가 현미경 관찰을 통하여 확인되었으며, 정상적인 Vesicles, Arbuscles 및 sporulation 과정도 관찰되었으며, 꽃송이와 같은 특수한 형태도 관찰되었다. 포자증식에 있어서의 80일간의 관찰과 뿌리염색을 통한 뿌리감염도의 관찰결과, 40일 주기로 포자의 생산에 증감이 주기적으로 일어나는 것을 관찰하였다. 비료를 첨가한 토양에서 수수, 파, 고추 및 차풀의 순으로 포자 증식에 좋은식물로 나타났으며, 그 포자 증식이 조건에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 비료의 첨가에서는 인산이 없는 비료에서 포자증식이 크게 일어났으며, 21-17-17 비료에서는 포자증식 적었다. 식물별로 본다면, 수수, 고추, 파등의 순으로 포자증식이 많이 되었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.185-198
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• 2001

본 연구는 잣나무 성숙임분을 대상으로 임령별 국지 기후 조건을 지형기후학적 방법과 공간통계 기법에 의하여 추정하여 잣나무 임분의 연도별 생식생장에 미치는 국지기후의 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 지형-기후 관계식을 이용하여 연구 대상지의 평균기온, 최고기온, 최저기온, 상대습도, 강수량, 일조시수, 맑은 날수, 흐린 날수에 대하여 월별ㆍ기후치별 평년 값을 도출하고, 공간통계기법에 의하여 연도별ㆍ월별 기후치를 산출하였다. 또한 연구 대상지의 잣나무 임분에 대한 연도별 구과 및 종자 결실량, 낙과량, 형질 등 생식생장의 특성을 파악하였다. 이상의 자료에 근거하여 잣나무 성숙임분의 생식생장에 미치는 국지기후의 영향을 상관분석 및 회귀분석을 통하여 구명한 격과는 다음과 같다. 1년생 구과의 착과수는, 화아분화 연도의 6월과 7월의 평균 일 최저기온, 화아분화 연도의 6월과 7월의 총 강수량, 화아분화 연도 11월 부터 개화수분당년도 4월까지의 흐린 날수 합계와 높은 부의 상관이 인정되어, 화아분화 연도의 강수량이 적고 일조시간이 많으면 착과수도 많아지는 것으로 파악되었다. 2년생 구과의 결실량과 유의적인 상관관계를 나타낸 기후지수가 없었다. 다만 가장 상관계수가 높은 지수로는 결실전년(개화수분당년) 12월부터 결실년도 2월까지 3개월간의 겨울철 강수량이 정의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 낙과량에 영향을 미친 기후요소는 개화수분당년 6월부터 익년 8월까지 15개월 간의 흐린 날수 합계와 개화수분당년 11월부터 익년 3월까지 동계 5개월 간의 강수량이 상관이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 낙과율에 있어서는 개화수분당년 6월부터 익년 8월까지 15개월간의 흐린날수 합계가 가장 영향을 많이 미치는 기후지수로 판명되었다. 구과의 쭉정이량은 구과 성숙 이전의 동계 3개월 간의 강수량과 가장 높은 상관을 보이고 있었으며, 쭉정이율의 경우에는 상대적으로 많은 5개의 기후 지수와 10% 이내의 높은 상관관계를 인정할 수 있었는데, 특히 구과 성숙 이전의 동계 3∼5개월 간의 강수량과 높은 정의 상관관계를 보여 동계기간동안 강수량이 많으면 광합성량이 감소하여 임목의 영양상태가 불건전하게 됨으로써 수정에 방해가 되고 종국적으로는 불량한 종자의 비율이 높아지는 결과를 초래하는 것으로 보인다. 구과무게는 개화수분당년 6월 부터 익년(결실년도) 8월까지 15개월 간의 강수량과 부의 상관을 보여, 수분이후 결실과정까지 강수량이 많으면 광합성에 장애를 주어 구과 1개의 무게가 상대적으로 적어지는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 종자 1개의 평균무게는 결실전 동계기간동안의 강수량 높은부의 상관을 보여 겨울철 강수량이 많으면 광합성율이 저하되고 이는 다시 종자 때의 무게가 적어지는 결과를 보이는 것으로 판단된다. 구과피무게는 결실 전년 11월부터 익년 3월까지 5개월 간의 맑은 날수와 겨울철인 12월부터 2월까지 3개월 간의 맑은 날수와 부의 상관을 보인 반면에, 결실 전년도 5월의 평균기온과는 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 구과피율의 경우에도 구과피 무게와 동일한 경향을 보여, 결실전 동계기간동안의 맑은 날수는 종자생산에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 반면, 결실 전년도 5월의 평균기온이 높으면 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.173-173
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• 2017

Phalaenopsis orchid is one of the most important flowers in flower industry. We conducted an experiment to find out the response of different concentration of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) for the in vitro regeneration of protocorm like bodies (PLBs) of Phalaenopsis 'Fmk02010'. We used five different concentrations of CCC and these were 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, 1 and $10mgL^{-1}$ in modified MS medium and cultured for 42 days. We added two major salts ammonium nitrate ($412.5mgL^{-1}$) and potassium nitrate ($950.0mgL^{-1}$) to the MS medium for the modification. Maximum numbers of PLBs were found from media with $0.01mgL^{-1}$ of CCC (15.667) and maximum fresh weight (0.211 g) as well. The 100% PLB formation rate was also found from $0.01mgL^{-1}$ of CCC. We found 58.83% variation in number of PLBs ($R^2=0.5883$) and 47.44% variation in fresh weight ($R^2=0.4744$) to the different CCC concentrations. Our study suggested that increase in the CCC concentration negatively affect the PLBs organogenesis of Phalaenopsis. We can suggest that the addition of very low concentration of CCC in plant culture medium can increase the number, formation rate and fresh weight of PLBs of Phalaenopsis.