• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.107-127
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• 2003

After detailed geological mapping, structural and fracture-density data were collected and analyzed in the vicinity of Cheonseong and Jeongjok Mts., Gyeongsangnam-do. A extensive dextral strike-slip fault (Beopgi Fault) Parallel to Yangsan and Dongrae Faults, a dextral-transtensional-NW fault, and a few intermittent faults have been found in the study area. Based on strike and frequency, fracture system has been divided into three sets such as NNE-trending J1 ($NS-40^{\circ}E$), WNW-trending J2 ($N50^{\circ}-80^{\circ}W$), and ENE-trending J3 ($N60^{\circ}-90^{\circ}E$). According to analysis of fracture density, it is revealed as follows: (a) Jl is the combination of Y-, P-, and R-shear fractures due to the dextral strike-slip of the Beopgi Fault. (b) J2 is the preexisted fracture zone conducting the intrusion of granite. Two tensional fractures dipping to NNE and SSW respectively have been induced by intrusion of granite and followed crustal uplift. (c) J3 is the tensional fracture developed between Yangsan and Dongrae Faults having NNE trend and dextral strike-slip sense. This study aims to reduce environmental impact and insure stability of underground facilities and tunnels.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.207-225
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• 2003

According to the data analysis of the regional fracture systems in southern Korea, the fracture orientations show three dominant sets : NNE, NW and WNW. A NNE set is the most abundant and includes most of the largest fractures. The highest fracture density is shown in the Taebaegsan mineralized area corresponding to Ogchon nonmetamorphic belt and the lowest one in the southwestern area of southern Korea. In addition, the density is higher in nonmetamorphic sedimentary rocks such as Choseon Supergroup. Pyeongan Supergroup, Daedong Supergroup and Kyeongsang Supergroup than in Precambrian basements and Jurassic granites. The regional fractures in southern Korea can be classified into four orders designated $F_1,{\;}F_2,{\;}F_3{\;}and{\;}F_4${\;}and{\;}F_4$ on the basis of their trace length. It is quite significant that fractures of each order are self-similar with respect to orientation and the combined fracture length distribution indicates a power-law distribution with an exponent of -2.04. As fractures were analyzed based on the tectonic provinces, Gyeonggj Massif and Kyeongsang Basin have all orders of fractures from $F_1$ to $F_4$. Most of the large scale faults may be ascribed to the products of slip accumulation through multiple deformation. Others besides $F_1$ fractures are thought to be evenly distributed through the whole area of southern Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.924-930
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• 2008

Community structure refers to the number of species in a community and the pattern of distribution of individuals among those species. The purpose of this paper was to describe a statistical analysis for detecting a ecological biodiversity which is valid even though the assumption at the different sampling points is not violated spatial randomness of species. Counts and cover were determined from 10 ($20\;m{\times}20\;m$) plots in five sites of the Oncheon River which is located in Busan, Korea. Total 95 taxa (85 species, 9 varieties, and one form) were identified and measured in edge sides of this river. These were a total of present in the five sites. Overall across the fragments, mean number of species per plot differed significantly among the five sites (F=7.75, p<0.01). Shannon-Wiener functions differed significantly among plots (F=4.12, p<0.05), with the St. 1 having significantly higher value (2.380) than the others (2.206 for St. 2, 2.116 for St. 3, 2.069 for St. 4, and 0.637 for St. 5). The richness indices, R1 decreased from the upper stream of the Oncheon River to the lower stream. We used a novel way of representing community structure to show that abundance within closely related pairs of co-occurring species in the Oncheon River. The differences between the distributions for of congeners and pairs of non-congeners showed at the largest difference of the cumulative fractions of the data sets (x=0.85).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 2004

Objective : Physiological evidence regarding acupuncture's effect in human patients is not yet well established, despite considerable evidence for its therapeutic efficacy. Besides target or disease specificity of acupuncture, acupuncture analgesia (AA) appears to be another large subclass that poses many questions, such as whether there is point specificity with respect to which acupoint is most effective for a particular condition. Methods : We observed brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a set of stimuli that consist of pain, pain following Meridian acupuncture, and pain following Sham acupuncture. Results : Among the new observations, the most interesting fact is that data sets of both Meridian acupuncture and Sham acupuncture show decreased activation of the same brain areas related to the pain processing signals. Present functional MRI study demonstrate two important biological observations that could elucidate AA mechanism in human participants: the effects of acupuncture occur through mediation of the higher brain areas. Sham acupuncture stimulation appears to be almost as effective as traditional Meridian acupoint stimulation, suggesting that acupuncture is not entirely point specific. Decreased activation in the limbic paleo cortical areas appears to be the probable neurological manifestation of AA and strongly implies that acupuncture stimulation inhibits the transmission of ascending pain signals to the higher cortical areas by the previously known descending pain inhibitory circuit. Conclusion : We, therefore, a hypothesized that this pain inhibitory circuit is initiated and mediated via the broad sense Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (BS HPA) axis in conjunction to the "sensory stimulation."

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to establish an rational mixture-proportioning procedure for low-$CO_2$ concrete using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) achieving the targeted $CO_2$ reduction ratio as well as the conventional requirements such as initial slump, air content, and 28-day compressive strength of concrete. To evaluate the effect of SCM level on the $CO_2$ emission and compressive strength of concrete, a total of 12537 data sets were compiled from the available literature and ready-mixed concrete plants. The amount of $CO_2$ emission of concrete was assessed under the system boundary from cradle to concrete production stage at a ready-mixed concrete plant. Based on regression analysis using the established database, simple equations were proposed to determine the mixture proportions of concrete such as the type and level of SCMs, water-to-binder ratio, and fine aggregate-to-total aggregate ratio. Furthermore, the $CO_2$ emissions for a given concrete mixture can be straightforwardly calculated using the proposed equations. Overall, the developed mixture-proportioning procedure is practically useful for determining the initial mixture proportions of low-$CO_2$ concrete in the ready-mixed concrete field.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.235-252
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• 2008

Many cartographers have for many years searched for a way to construct cartograms in which the sizes of geographic areas such as states, counties or census tracts are reseated in proportion to their population or some other socio-economic properties. While many techniques and algorithms for creating cartograms have been proposed, some of them are still extremely complex to generate in a proper manner, and many of them suffer either from this lack of readability or from seamless integration with GIS software. This paper, therefore, presents a simple population cartogam technique based on the Circular Cartogram Algorithm(CCA) by Dorling(1996) to tackle these drawbacks by drawing the areas as simple circles for use as a base map and linking the construction with GIS mapping processes. For an automated approach in the cartogram generation, this paper proposes a close coupling method of ArcView GIS 3.3. package in order for users to access to the cartopam algorithm. Then, they will be available through an interface that the ArcView GIS system allows user-written routines to be accessed easily. The CCA and its coupling architecture ensure to improve the potential applicability of the use of cartograms to census mapping at practical levels. As the cartogram examples, cartograms of population and property types in 2005 Korea census data sets are illustrated in the end, by which viewers can easily identify the residential concentration and their relative ratio in Seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.543-553
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• 2014

The environmental behavior of $SO_2$ was investigated in terms of the factors affecting the temporal variabilities by analyzing the data sets obtained from the Yongsan district in Seoul from 2004 till 2013. To this end, the relationship between $SO_2$ and relevant parameters including particulate matters (such as $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$, and TSP (total suspended particulates)) and gaseous components ($CH_4$, CO, THC (total hydrocarbon), NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon), NO, $NO_2$, NOx, and $O_3$) was investigated in several aspects. Over a decade, the annual mean concentrations of $SO_2$ varied in the range of $4.36-5.86nmole\;mole^{-1}$ (min-max) which was about five times lower than the regulation guideline set for the air quality management in Korea. In fact, this pattern greatly contrasts with some other air pollutants of which concentrations exceeded their guideline values significantly. According to our analysis, $SO_2$ was strongly correlated to the temperature and other relevant parameters. The overall results of this study confirm that the administrative regulation of $SO_2$ levels has been made effectively relative to other airborne pollutants.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-104
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of demographic characteristics such as gender, marital status, age, educational level, job and monthly income on the preferred menu classified by type of food, food material, cooking method, taste and food temperature. A survey was performed from the 5th to 10th of January, 2013 among consumers in such places as coffee shops and subway stations located in Daegu and Gyeongbuk region, and finally 307 data sets were used for analysis. The results of analysis showed that the strongest effects of demographic characteristics were observed in preferred menu classified by type of food(i.e. Korean, Western, Chinese, Japanese, buffet, herbal and instant foods), and the differences by marital status, age, educational level, job were statistically significant. In particular, the married consumers tended to prefer Korean and herbal foods, while the unmarried ones preferred western, Chinese, buffet and instant food. Moreover, the younger ones tended to prefer western, Chinese, buffet and instant foods, while the older ones preferred to eat Korean food. The younger unmarried ones liked beef and pork dishes, while the married ones over their forties tended to prefer vegetable dishes. The consumers less than or equal to their thirties tended to prefer roasted and fried foods compared to ones over their thirties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.132-138
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to infer the parameters of forest stand growth functions of STEMS for Cryptomeria japonica stands of Jeju Hannam Experimental Forest, Korea Forest Research Institute, and to investigate the effects of thinning regimes on the patterns of stand growth and carbon absorption. The forest stand growth functions for the potential diameter growth, modifier, crown ratio and mortality are the major ones composing the independent-tree/distance-free forest stand growth simulator, STEMS. The parameters were inferred using the sets of growth data obtained from stem analyses of 39 trees, chosen from 13 sample plots of the forest stands. The effects of thinning regimes on the patterns of stand growth and carbon absorption were investigated by simulating the stand growth patterns of the case study stand with 3 different thinning regimes: no-thinning, early thinning with low intensity and late thinning with high intensity using the simulator. According to the results of the analyses, the different thinning regimes cause significant effects on the growth patterns of average DBH, average height, diameter distribution and stand volume as well as the amount of carbon absorptions.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2016

Bathymetric changes were studied in the southern sea off the Jinwoo-do Island, which is one of the deltaic barrier islands surrounding the Nakddong river estuary. In this study, 16 bathymetry data sets were obtained from June 2006 to April 2015. Two narrow channels, the one lying between Jinwoo-do and Shinja-do, and the other one lying between Nulcha-do and Jinwoo-do extended into the eastern and western parts of the study area, respectively. The eastern extension of the channel contained a passage of mixed estuarine waters of seawater and river water discharged from the Nakdong river barrier and the west Nakdong River. The western channel connected the Nakdong River estuary with the Busan New Port via a connecting pier. Total volumetric changes of sediments in study area and discharge flow of the Nakdong river barrier were analyzed. Bottom topographical changes occurred mainly in the eastern extension of the channel. These changes were initially characterized by gradual erosion or deposition followed by rapid restoration. The total volume of sediment gradually increased from June 2006 to March 2013, but experienced a sudden decrease in October 2013 because of typhoon Danas. Few fluctuations were observed from October 2013 to April 2015. Analysis of the cross-sectional bathymetry of the north-south direction showed that the deepest point of the eastern channel moved 100-130 m westward and 200 m northward between June 2006 and April 2015.