• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.433-443
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• 2017

Securing the species compositional integrity (typicalness and representativeness) is the essential prerequisite for an integrated management of vegetation resources using the phytosociological $relev\acute{e}s$ and plant communities of the Z.-M. school. This study is intended to develop a tool for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of species compositional homotoneity of a set of $relev\acute{e}s$ per syntaxon. The new homotoneities, actual homotoneity ($H_{act}$), and optimal homotoneity ($H_{opt}$) taking into account the heterogeneous factors of $relev\acute{e}s$ are proposed. The correlations between the floristic variables such as the vegetation type, the new homotoneities, and the previously studied homogeneous measures (e.g. Pfeiffer's homogeneity, basic homotoneity-coefficient, corrected homotoneity-coefficient, and mean floristic similarity) are analyzed by using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. $H_{act}$ and $H_{opt}$ are effective in determining the difference of inter-synthesized units and of inter-$relev\acute{e}s$, respectively. $H_{act}$ is the homotoneity that is the most independent of the number of $relev\acute{e}s$. On actual vegetation with long-term human impact in the Korean Peninsula, $H_{opt}$ has become an aid to the more precise understanding of $H_{act}$ as substantive homogeneousness of species composition of syntaxa. It is expected that $H_{act}$ and $H_{opt}$ can be used for the selection of a sort of homogeneous vegetation data to build a phytosociological $relev\acute{e}$-database with consistency and objectiveness for national vegetation resources.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 2020

The aim of study was to scrutinize the physicochemical and protein profile of milk obtained from local Pakistani breeds of milch animals such as Nilli-Ravi buffalo, Sahiwal cow, Kajli sheep, Beetal goat and Brela camel. Physicochemical analysis unveiled maximum number of total solids and protein found in sheep and minimum in camel. Buffalo milk contains the highest level of fat (7.45%) while camel milk contains minimum (1.94%). Ash was found maximum in buffalo (0.81%) and sheep (0.80%) while minimum in cow's milk (0.71%). Casein and whey proteins were separated by subjecting milk to isoelectric pH and then analyzed through sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed heterogeneity among these species. Different fractions including α_S1, α_S2, κ-casein, β-casein and β-lactoglobulen (β-Lg) were identified and quantitatively compared in all milk samples. Additionally, this electrophoretic method after examining the number and strength of different protein bands (α_S1, α_S2, β-CN, α-LAC, BSA, and β-Lg, etc.), was helpful to understand the properties of milk for different processing purposes and could be successfully applied in dairy industry. Results revealed that camel milk was best suitable for producing allergen free milk protein products. Furthermore, based on the variability of milk proteins, it is suggested to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between different cattle breeds and to gather the necessary data to preserve the genetic fund and biodiversity of the local breeds. Thus, the study of milk protein from different breed and species has a wide range of scope in producing diverse protein based dairy products like cheese.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2012

With the advent of DNA microarray technologies, researches for disease diagnosis has been actively in progress. In typical experiments using microarray data, problems such as the large number of genes and the relatively small number of samples, the inherent measurement noise and the heterogeneity across different samples are the cause of the performance decrease. To overcome these problems, a new method using functional modules (e.g. signaling pathways) used as markers was proposed. They use the method using an activity of pathway summarizing values of a member gene's expression values. It showed better classification performance than the existing methods based on individual genes. The activity calculation, however, used in the method has some drawbacks such as a correlation between individual genes and each phenotype is ignored and characteristics of individual genes are removed. In this paper, we propose a method based on the ensemble classifier. It makes weak classifiers based on feature vectors using subsets of genes in selected pathways, and then infers the final classification result by combining the results of each weak classifier. In this process, we improved the performance by minimize the search space through a filtering process using gene-gene interaction information and the mRMR filter. We applied the proposed method to a classifying the lung cancer, it showed competitive classification performance compared to existing methods.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.699-712
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• 1996

Field scale experiments using an automated 144-channel TDR system were conducted which monitored the movement of solute through unsaturated loamy soils. The experiments were carried out on two different field plots of 0.54 ha to study the vertical movement of solute plume created by applying a square pulse of $CaCl_2$ as a tracer. The residence concentration was monitored at 24 locations on a transect and 5 depths per location by horizontally-positioning 50 cm long triple wire TDR probes to study the heterogeneity of solute travel times and the governing transport concept at field scale. This paper describes details of experimental methodology and calibration aspects of the TDR system. Three different calibration methods for estimation of solute concentration from TDR-measured bulk soil electrical conductivity were used for each field site. Data analysis of mean breakthrough curves (BTCs) and parameters estimated using the convection-dispersion model (CDE) and the convective-lognormal transfer function model (CLT) reveals that the automated TDR system is a viable technique to study the field scale solute transport providing a normal distribution of resident concentration in a high resolution of time series, and that calibration method does not significantly affect both the shape of BTC and the parameters related to the peak travel time. Among the calibration methods, the simple linear model (SLM), a modified version of Rhoades' model, appears to be promising in the calibration of horizontally-positioned TDR probes at field condition.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

Previous studies have estimated crash prediction models with the fixed effect model which assumes the fixed value of coefficients without considering characteristics of each intersections. However the fixed effect model would estimate under estimation of the standard error resulted in over estimation of t-value. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the random effect model can be used with considering heterogeneity of AADT, geometric information and unobserved factors. In this study, data collections from 89 intersections in Daejeon and estimates of crash prediction models were conducted using the random and fixed effect negative binomial regression model for comparison and analysis of two models. As a result of model estimates, AADT, speed limits, number of lanes, exclusive right turn pockets and front traffic signal were found to be significant. For comparing statistical significance of two models, the random effect model could be better statistical significance with -1537.802 of log-likelihood at convergence comparing with -1691.327 for the fixed effect model. Also likelihood ration value was computed as 0.279 for the random effect model and 0.207 for the fixed effect model. This mean that the random effect model can be improved for statistical significance of models comparing with the fixed effect model.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2009

High spatial resolution satellite image classification has a limitation when only using the spectral information due to the complex spatial arrangement of features and spectral heterogeneity within each class. Therefore, the extraction of the spatial information is one of the most important steps in high resolution satellite image classification. This study proposes a new spatial feature extraction method, named SSI(Shape-Size Index). SSI uses a simple region-growing based image segmentation and allocates spatial property value in each segment. The extracted feature is integrated with spectral bands to improve overall classification accuracy. The classification is achieved by applying a SVM(Support Vector Machines) classifier. In order to evaluate the proposed feature extraction method, KOMPSAT-2 and QuickBird-2 data are used for experiments. It is demonstrated that proposed SSI algorithm leads to a notable increase in classification accuracy.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.475-489
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• 2019

This study seeks to explore the method of imagination through creative new thinking in cultural heritage education and the most effective model of education in education. Research methods were organized by the methods of reviewing literature, browsing the Internet, and comparative analysis of prior research. We hope to realize the need for differentiated Korean cultural heritage and make efforts to incorporate our identity in the design. Through this study, we hope to realize the need for differentiated Korean cultural heritage and make efforts to incorporate our identity in the design. In the process of visualizing information, the focus should be on identifying the structure, characteristics, and the correlation between pattern and trend analysis, and the heterogeneity analysis, and should be made with the characteristics considered. Texting, graphics, sound, animation, lighting, and Navigation are often used as the expressive elements of information visualization for educational models. To facilitate the understanding of learners, accurate information transmission visuals should be presented. To do so, the use of infographic can be the answer. It is necessary to develop appropriate multimedia visual data, such as the use of infographic to be applied, and to develop various infographic multimedia visuals. These work should not be merely a research dimension, but should be carried out with the aim of helping develop actual cultural heritage educational content.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2019

In South Korea, six large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have occurred since the first confirmation in 2003 from chickens. For the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks have become an annual phenomenon throughout the country and has extended to wider regions, across rural and urban environments. An understanding of the spatial epidemiology of HPAI occurrence is essential in assessing and managing the risk of the infection; however, local spatial variations of relationship between HPAI incidences in Korea and related risk factors have rarely been derived. This study examined whether spatial heterogeneity exists in this relationship, using a geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) model. The outcome variable was the number of HPAI-positive farms at 252 Si-Gun-Gu (administrative boundaries in Korea) level notified to government authority during the period from January 2014 to April 2016. This response variable was regressed to a set of sociodemographic and topographic predictors, including the number of wild birds infected with HPAI virus, the number of wintering birds and their species migrated into Korea, the movement frequency of vehicles carrying animals, the volume of manure treated per day, the number of livestock farms, and mean elevation. Both global and local modeling techniques were employed to fit the model. From 2014 to 2016, a total of 403 HPAI-positive farms were reported with high incidence especially in western coastal regions, ranging from 0 to 74. The results of this study show that local model (adjusted R-square = 0.801, AIC = 954.5) has great advantages over corresponding global model (adjusted R-square = 0.408, AIC = 2323.1) in terms of model fitting and performance. The relationship between HPAI incidence in Korea and seven predictors under consideration were significantly spatially non-stationary, contrary to assumptions in the global model. The comparison between global Poisson and GWPR results indicated that a place-specific spatial analysis not only fit the data better, but also provided insights into understanding the non-stationarity of the associations between the HPAI and associated determinants. We demonstrated that an empirically derived GWPR model has the potential to serve as a useful tool for assessing spatially varying characteristics of HPAI incidences for a given local area and predicting the risk area of HPAI occurrence. Considering the prominent burden of HPAI this study provides more insights into spatial targeting of enhanced surveillance and control strategies in high-risk regions against HPAI outbreaks.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.381-393
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• 2021

Physical, mechanical, hydraulic, and geophysical tests were applied to validate methods of inspecting the effectiveness of grouting on an agricultural reservoir dam. Data obtained from series of in situ and laboratory tests considered four stages: before grouting; during grouting; immediately after grouting; and after aging the grouting for 28 days. The results of SPT and triaxial tests, including the unit weight, compressive strength, friction angle, cohesion, and N-value, indicated the extent of ground improvement with respect to grout injection. However, they sometimes contained errors caused by ground heterogeneity. Hydraulic conductivity obtained from in situ variable head permeability testing is most suitable for identifying the effectiveness of grouting because the impermeability of the ground increased immediately after grouting. Electric resistivity surveying is useful for finding a saturated zone and a seepage pathway, and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is suitable for analyzing the effectiveness of grouting, as elastic velocity increases distinctly after grouting injection. MASW also allows calculation from the P- and S- wave velocities of dynamic properties (e.g., dynamic elastic modulus and dynamic Poisson's ratio), which can be used in the seismic design of dam structures.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.539-548
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• 2022

Objective : Although full-endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (Endo-LIF) has been tried as the latest alternative technique to minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interobody fusion (MIS-TLIF) since mid-2010, the evidence is still lacking. We compared the clinical outcome and safety of Endo-LIF to MIS-TLIF for lumbar degenerative disease. Methods : We systematically searched electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to find literature comparing Endo-LIF to MIS-TLIF. The results retrieved were last updated on December 11, 2020. The perioperative outcome included the operation time, blood loss, complication, and hospital stay. The clinical outcomes included Visual analog scale (VAS) of low back pain and leg pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the radiological outcome included pseudoarthosis rate with 12-month minimum follow-up. Results : Four retrospective observational studies and one prospective observational study comprising 423 patients (183 Endo-LIF and 241 MIS-TLIF) were included, and the pooled data analysis revealed low heterogeneity between studies in our review. Baseline characteristics including age and sex were not different between the two groups. Operation time was significantly longer in Endo-LIF (mean difference [MD], 23.220 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.669-35.771; p=0.001). However, Endo-LIF resulted in less perioperative blood loss (MD, -144.710 mL; 95% CI, 247.941-41.478; p=0.023). Although VAS back pain at final (MD, -0.120; p=0.586), leg pain within 2 weeks (MD, 0.005; p=0.293), VAS leg pain at final (MD, 0.099; p=0.099), ODI at final (MD, 0.141; p=0.093) were not different, VAS back pain within 2 weeks was more favorable in the Endo-LIF (MD, -1.538; 95% CI, -2.044 to -1.032; p<0.001). On the other hand, no statistically significant group difference in complication rate (relative risk [RR], 0.709; p=0.774), hospital stay (MD, -2.399; p=0.151), and pseudoarthrosis rate (RR, 1.284; p=0.736) were found. Conclusion : Relative to MIS-TLIF, immediate outcomes were favorable in Endo-LIF in terms of blood loss and immediate VAS back pain, although complication rate, mid-term clinical outcomes, and fusion rate were not different. However, the challenges for Endo-LIF include longer operation time which means a difficult learning curve and limited surgical indication which means patient selection bias. Larger-scale, well-designed study with long-term follow-up and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm and update the results of this systematic review.