• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore about 2-year-old infants' attachment security to a child care teacher and peer play process through a case study. For this purpose, the attachment security was assessed with attachment Q-set to 2-year-old five infants at a day care center in Seoul. Participants of this study are four infants included two infants attached securely to their child care teacher and two infants attached insecurely to their child care teacher. Methods: Participant observation was conducted from April 12 to July 19 in 2018 through 36 observations in free play activities. The Data collected from the transcriptions of video shoots and teachers' interviews, child care plans, and reflexive journal was analyzed and interpreted. Results: The main results of the research were as follows: The beginning of peer play, when infants invited their peers to play, secure attachment infants selected suitable play partners and asked for a specific play behaviors. However, insecure attachment infants invited unsuitable play partners and asked uncertainly play actions to peers. In addition, when infants entered in-progress play, secure attachment infants understood the context of play but insecure attachment infants did not understand the context of play. In the progress of peer play, secure attachment infants cooperated with peers, shared play objects, but insecure attachment infants did not cooperate complementally with peers and express only their opinions. As well, insecure attachment infants could not play harmoniously without child care teacher's interventions. In the end of the peer play, secure attachment infants finished in collaboration with peers but insecure attachment infants failed to finish with the peers and was turned into play with the child care teacher because of peer conflict. Conclusion/Implications: This study has implications for basic resources to think about the role of child care teachers by helping them understand about the relation 2-year-old infants' attachment security to them and peer play process.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2019

Baseflow which is one of the unmeasurable components of streamflow and slowly flows through underground is important for water resource management. Despite various separation methods from researches preceded, it is difficult to find a significant separation method for baseflow separation. This study applied the MRC method and developed the improved approach to separate baseflow from total streamflow hydrograph. Previous researchers utilized the whole streamflow data of study period at once to derive synthetic MRCs causing unreliable results. This study has been proceeded with total nine areas with gauging stations. Each three areas are selected from 3 domestic major watersheds. Tool for drawing MRC had been used to draw MRCs of each area. First, synthetic MRC for whole period and two other MRCs were drawn following two different criteria. Two criteria were set by different conditions, one is flow condition and the other is seasonality. The whole streamflow was classified according to seasonality and flow conditions, and MRCs had been drawn with a specialized program. The MRCs for flow conditions had low R2 and similar trend to recession segments. On the other hand, the seasonal MRCs were eligible for the baseflow separation that properly reflects the seasonal variability of baseflow. Comparing two methods of assuming MRC for baseflow separation, seasonal MRC was more effective for relieving overestimating tendency of synthetic MRC. Flow condition MRCs had a large distribution of the flow and this means accurate MRC could not be found. Baseflow separation using seasonal MRC is showing more reliability than the other one, however if certain technique added up to the flow condition MRC method to stabilize distribution of the streamflow, the flow conditions method could secure reliability as much as seasonal MRC method.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.169-188
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• 2019

This study was carried out unmanned aerial photography and terrestrial laser scanning to establish digital database on original wall of Gyejoksanseong fortress, and measured ground control points for continuity of the monitoring. It also performed precise examination with the naked eye, unmanned aerial photogrammetry, endoscopy, total station and handy measurement to examine the structural stability of the original walls. The ground control points were considered as a point where visual field can be secured, 3 points were selected around each of the south and north walls. For the right side of the south original wall, aerial photogrammetry was conducted using drones and a deviation analysis of 3-dimensional digital models was performed for short-term monitoring. As a result, the two original walls were almost matched in range within 5mm, and no difference indicating displacement of stones was found, except for partial deviation. Regular monitoring of the areas with structural deformation such as bulging, weak and fracture zone by precisely examining with the naked eye and using high-resolution photo data revealed no distinct change. The inner foundation observed through endoscopy found out that filling stones of the original walls were still remained, while most filling soil was lost. As a result of measuring the total station focusing around the points with structural deformation on the original walls, the maximum displacements of the north and south walls were somewhat high with 6.6mm and 3.8mm, respectively, while the final displacements were relatively stable at below 2.9mm and 1.4mm, respectively. Handy measurement also did not reveal clear structural deformation with displacements below 0.82mm at all points. Even though the results of displacement monitoring on the original walls are stable, it is hard to secure structural stability due to the characteristics of ramparts where sudden brittle fracture occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct conservational scientific diagnosis, precise monitoring, and structural analysis based on the 3-dimensional figuration information obtained in this research.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.525-540
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate what kind of experiences the deaf elderly would have in the course of life. It also aimed to promote the understanding of their living difficulties and culture among people with normal hearing and provide basic data to help them live with others as members of the community. Phenomenological qualitative research was conducted as part of the methodology. The subjects include seven deaf old people. Based on the results of in-depth interview and analysis, the life experiences of the deaf elderly were categorized into "unforgettable wounds," "life in the community," "life with the family," "marriage of the deaf elderly", and "living by adjusting to reality." First, the subcategories of "unforgettable wounds" include "receiving no treatment for fever," "damage by the Korean War," "alienation from the family," and "people's cold eyes." It turned out that the deaf elderly had led a life, suffering from the heart wounds that they could not forget. Second, the subcategories of "life in the community" include "inconvenience in life," "disadvantages in life," and "severed life." The deaf elderly were not only subjected to inconvenience and disadvantages in life, but also suffered loneliness, being cut off from the community. Third, the subcategories of "life with the family" include "not communicating with children," "being abandoned again," "being used by the family," "being lonely even with the family," and "wishing to live independently from the family." The deaf elderly were not supported by their families and were abandoned or used by them, leading a solitary life. Fourth, the subcategories of "marriage of the deaf elderly" include"send as a surrogate mother," "frequent remarriage and divorce," "lean on as a married couple." Deaf elderly form their own culture of the marriage and lean on each other. Finally, the subcategories of "living by adjusting to reality" include "getting help from neighbors," "behaving oneself right in life," "learning Hangul," "living by working," "living freely," "living by missing," and "controlling the impulse to end life," "resorting to religion." The deaf elderly made the most alienated and vulnerable group with no access to benefits due to their limitations as a linguistic and social minority, but they made efforts to form their own culture and adjust to reality for themselves. Based on those findings, the study made the following proposals: first, there is a need for practical approaches to heal the ineffaceable wounds in the hearts of deaf elderly. Second, there is a need for policies to help them experience no inconvenience and disadvantages as members of community and communicate with people with normal hearing. Third, there should be practical approaches to enable them to get recognition and support from their families and share love with them. Finally, there should be practical policy approaches to help people with normal hearing understand the culture of deaf elderly and assist the deaf elderly to receive supports from the community and live with others within the community.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-132
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• 2009

What is good instruction? The term "instruction" means the essential activity of school education, a precondition for good school, and the starting point of reforming school education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the meaning of "good instruction" by examining the difference of perception between in-service teachers and pre-service teachers who encompass the viewpoint of both teacher and student using open-ended questionnaires asking the type of instruction that they have to avoid and the undesirable instruction. This study was carried out with 150 teachers who were working in the schools and 160 students who were in college of education to be teacher in the future. Collected data was analyzed using the QSR Nvivo qualitative program. The findings of this study indicates the followings: First, the most undesirable class cited by in-service teachers was the class that applies uniform instructional strategy, followed by class based on directions instruction, unsystematic class, class characterized by lack of teaching competency, class that emphasizes test scores and competition, class that are not interactive enough, class that does not consider the level of students, class in which students are not respected, class that have poor educational environment, and the class in which little support is provided. Second, the most undesirable class cited by pre-service teachers was the class that applies uniform instructional strategy, followed by unsystematic class, class characterized by lack of teaching competency, class based on directions instruction, class in which students are not respected, class that emphasizes test scores and competition, class that does not consider the level of students, class that are not interactive enough, class that have poor educational environment, and the class in which little support is provided. Third, this study examined the difference of perception between in-service teachers and pre-service teachers toward the undesirable class that they have to avoid. In terms of the integrated rank that is common among in-service teachers and pre-service teachers, the most undesirable class that they have to avoid was the class that applies uniform instructional strategy, unsystematic class, class based on directions instruction, and class characterized by lack of teaching competency. The findings of this study may be used as a basis for in-service teachers to reflect on their professionalism of instruction that they provide and examine the attitude of students toward instruction, while providing a practical guideline for pre-service teachers to design and ensure systematic instruction in the future.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.247-265
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teacher support program for integration of handicapped children on teaching efficacy of daycare center teachers. Methods: In the study, 12 day care teachers in 4 day care centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi area were selected as experimental groups and 12 teachers in 5 day care centers were selected as control group. Teacher education is carried out through group education, such as understanding of developmental area, curriculum modification, activity-based embedded intervention, cooperative learning, direct teaching, disability understanding education, behavior support, family support. Individual teacher education provided counseling on the reality of child care for children with disabilities that reflects the needs of teachers for integrated child care for handicapped children. Teacher's Efficacy in Inclusive Practices (TEIP) was used as a pre post test to measure teacher's efficacy change. In order to analyze the results of the study, two independent sample t tests were conducted on the difference between pre-post test of teacher efficacy between the two groups. Results: As a result, There was a significant difference in the pre-post change of teacher efficacy between the two groups. Conclusion/Implications: The results of this study are as follows, teacher support program provided immediate feedback in integrated child daycare center for the handicapped children, child care teachers improved their integrated handicapped children care expertise, provided responsive teacher support program to the actual needs of the site, teacher support program reflected various variables related to integration, and emphasized the cooperative relationship between researcher and child daycare center teacher. The results of this study can be used as actual data of field where lack of support for the integration of handicapped children is lacking.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 2019

Spatial resolution is still one of the most important parameters for evaluating image quality. In this study, we propose an approach to evaluate spatial resolution and MTF(Modulation Transfer Function) using bar target and Siemens star chart as a part of quality evaluation for UAV images. To this end, images were taken with a fixed-wing eBee(Canon IXUS) at the flight height of 130m and 260m, and with a rotary-wing GD-800(SONY NEX-5N) at flight height of 130m, with a Phantom 4 pro(FC 6310) at flight height of 90m, respectively. Spatial resolution was measured on orthoimages produced from this data. Results show that the resolution measured on the Siemens star and bar target was accurately degraded in proportion to the flight height regardless of the cameras. In the words, the spatial resolution of images taken at the same altitude of 130m with the eBee(Canon IXUS) and the GD-800(SONY NEX-5N) equipped with different cameras was the same as 4.1cm, and that of the eBee(Canon IXUS) at 260m was 8.0cm. In addition, the resolution measured on the Siemens star was about 1~2cm lower than that of the bar target at every flight height. The general tendency was also found to be proportional to the flight height in the measurement of the ${\sigma}_{MTF}$ from MTF, which simultaneously represents the resolution and contrast information of the image. However, at the same altitude of 130m, the ${\sigma}_{MTF}$ of the GD-800(SONY NEX-5N) is 0.36 and the eBee(Canon IXUS) is 0.59, which shows that the GD-800(SONY NEX-5N) has better camera performance. It is expected that study results will contribute to the analysis of spatial resolution of UAV images and to improve the reliability of quality.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Purpose: We investigated the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pneumococcal isolates from hospitalized children at Asan Medical Center for recent 4 years, and aimed to recommend proper choice of empirical antibiotics for pneumococcal infection. Methods: From March 2014 to May 2018, children admitted to Asan Medical Center Childrens' Hospital with pneumococcal infection were subjected for evaluation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ${\beta}-lactams$ and macrolide antibiotics. Patient's age, underlying disease, gender were retrospectively collected. Using Monte Carlo simulation model and MIC from our study, we predicted the rate of treatment success with amoxicillin treatment. Results: Sixty-three isolates were analyzed including 20.6% (n=13) of invasive isolates, and 79.4% (n=50) of non-invasive isolates; median age were 3.3 years old, and 87.3% of the pneumococcal infections occurred to children with underlying disease. Overall susceptibility rate was 49.2%, 68.2%, and 74.6% for amoxicillin, parenteral penicillin, and cefotaxime respectively. 23.8% and 9.5% of the isolates showed high resistance for amoxicillin, and cefotaxime. Only 4.8% (n=3) were susceptible to erythromycin. Monte Carlo simulation model revealed the likelihood of treatment success was 46.0% at the dosage of 90 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin. Conclusions: Recent pneumococcal isolates from pediatric patients with underlying disease revealed high resistance for amoxicillin and cefotaxime, and high resistance for erythromycin. Prudent choice of antibiotics based on the local data of resistance cannot be emphasized enough, especially in high risk patients with underlying disease, and timely vaccination should be implemented for prevention of the spread of resistant strains.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2018

Purpose : To find out the reliability of autorefractometer after laser refractive surgery Methods : We measured and compared spherical and cylinder powers of those undergone LASEK surgery with 1.0 of naked vision after at least 3 months of the surgery with an autorefractometer(CANON Full Auto Ref-Keratometer RK-F1, Japan) and a retinoscope(Streak Retinoscope 18200, WelchAllyn, USA), and also applied spherical equivalent powers. The refractive status before surgery was divided into high, medium, and low myopia according to the results measured using an autorefractometer, and then analyzed again the reliability of the autorefractometer after surgery according to the preoperative refractive status. The agreement of two methods was identified using Bland-Altman(Bland-Altman limits of agreement(LoA)). Results : After the surgery, when comparing spherical, cylinder and equivalent powers in the whole data measured by autorefractometry and retinoscopy significant differences were found(p<0.01). According to the degree of refractive errors, all sort of refractive errors was shown significantly different(p<0.01) except for cylinder power of the medium myopia. In general, the refractive errors especially spherical and spherical equivalent powers by autorefractometry were shown a myopic trend from -0.38 D to -0.53 D. On the other hand, it was shown a hyperopic trend of approximately +0.30 D using retinoscopy. In comparison of two objective refractions, it was shown a myopic trend as $-0.51{\pm}0.45D$(LoA +0.36 D ~ -1.39 D) and compatible. Conclusion : Even though it would be positive in terms of compatibility of the methods, it is necessary that the glasses should be prescribed by subjective refraction since autorefractometry is shown myopic in those undergone the surgery and suffering from myopic regression.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.351-360
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• 2018

This study was conducted to analyze the responses of chlorophyll contents and growth of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis seedlings on distance from the well and $CO_2$ flux after the artificial $CO_2$ release. From June 1 to 30, 2016, $CO_2$ gas was injected at the rate of $6L\;min^{-1}$ at the study site in Eumseong. Chlorophyll content was analyzed in the middle of July, 2016, and root collar diameter (RCD), height (H), and biomass were measured in May and December, 2016 after planting 2-year-old P. densiflora and 1-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings in May, 2015. The chlorophyll content of P. densiflora seedlings did not show a significant correlation with $CO_2$ flux, whereas the chlorophyll content of Q. variabilis seedlings showed a significant negative correlation with increasing $CO_2$ flux (P<0.05). The RCD and H growth rates of both species showed the significant difference in the distance from the well of the $CO_2$ anthropogenic release treatment. In particular, the RCD and H growth rate of P. densiflora seedlings and the RCD growth rate of Q. variabilis seedlings increased significantly as the seedlings were closer to the well, but the H growth rate of Q. variabilis seedlings decreased significantly. In addition, as the $CO_2$ concentration in the ground increases, ${\Delta}R/S$ ratio increases in both species, suggesting that the high $CO_2$ concentration in the soil promotes carbon distribution relative to the root part. The results of this study can be used as data necessary to monitor the $CO_2$ leakage and physiological and growth responses of both species to leakage of stored $CO_2$ in the future.