• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of Danjeon Breathing exercise and walking exercise on blood lipids, physical symptoms and hemoglobin of middle-aged women to determine which of these two exercises was more beneficial. Methods: The Danjeon breathing exercise group(20) took health management counseling and performed an eighty-minute Danjeon breathing exercise three times a week for 12 weeks while the walking exercise group(25) took health management counseling and performed a walking exercise seven hours per week for 12 weeks. The control group(20) received only health management counseling. The groups were homogeneous on age, religion, marital status, education, profession, monthly income per household, menopause, smoking, drinking, fat intake and cholesterol intake. Likewise, the groups were homogeneous on total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,atherogenic index, hemoglobin and physical symptoms. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS PC program and $x^2$-test, ANOVA, repeated measures of ANOVA and LSD. Results: 1. Total cholesterol of the Danjeon breathing exercise group and the walking exercise group were lower than that of the control group. 2. HDL- cholesterol of the Danjeon breathing exercise group and the walking exercise group were not higher than that of the control group. 3. Atherogenic index of the Danjeon breathing exercise group was lower than that of the control group, but atherogenic index of the walking exercise group was not lower than that of the control group. 4. Hemoglobin of the Danjeon breathing exercise group and the walking exercise group were not higher than that of the control group. 5. Physical symptom score of the Danjeon breathing exercise group was lower than those of the walking exercise group and the control group, but Physical symptom score of the walking exercise group was not lower than that of the control group. Conclusion: Danjeon breathing exercise and walking exercise are effective for decreasing total cholesterol of middle-aged women. Danjeon breathing exercise is more effective for decreasing atherogenic index and physical symptoms of middle-aged women than walking exercise.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of Danjeon Breathing exercise and walking exercise on physical fitness of middle-aged women. The Danjeon breathing exercise group(20) took health management counseling and performed an eighty-minute Danjeon breathing exercise three times a week for 12 weeks while the walking exercise group(25) took health management counseling and performed a walking exercise seven hours per week for 12 weeks. The control group(20) received only health management counseling. $VO_2max$, back strength, flexibility, balance, power and agility were measured using the Health Management System developed by the Korea Physical Science Institution. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS PC program and $x^2$, ANOVA, repeated measures of ANOVA and LSD. The result of this study are as follows: 1. There were significant differences on back strength, flexibility, agility and power among Danjeon breathing exercise group, walking exercise group and control group. The degree of back strength, flexibility and power of the Danjeon breathing exercise group was higher than that of the walking exercise group and the control group. The degree of agility of the walking exercise group was lower than that of the control group. 2. There were no significant differences on $VO_2max$ and balance among Danjeon breathing exercise group, walking exercise group and control group. In conclusion, Danjeon breathing exercise improves back strength, flexibility and power than walking exercise and walking exercise improves agility than Danjeon breathing exercise.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.170-178
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of the Danjeon Breathing Exercise Program on physical fitness, levels of serum lipid and physical symptom of people using public health center at Yangju city. Method: One group pretest-posttest design was utilized for this study. This study has been done from July 6 to September 28, 2005 and the subjects of the study were 28 persons. Danjeon breathing exercise was carried out for 60 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Physical fitness was measured using the Health Management System developed by the Korea Physical Science Institution. Serum lipid level was measured in public health center at Yangju city. Questions of physical symptom (35 items) were chosen from Cornell Medical Index. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Result: 1. The scores of back strength, flexibility and balance of post-test were more increased after Danjeon breathing exercise than those of pre-test. But the score of muscular endurance of post-test was not significantly increased. 2. The degrees of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride of post-test were more decreased after Danjeon breathing exercise than those of pre-test. But the degree of HDL-cholesterol of post-test was not significantly increased in statistics. 3. The score of physical symptoms of post-test was not significantly decreased in statistics after Danjeon breathing exercise than that of pre-test. Conclusion: It is concluded that the Danjeon Breathing Exercise Program could increase the physical fitness and decrease levels of serum lipid. So Danjeon breathing exercise could be utilized to promote physical fittness and to decrease level of serun lipids.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2018

Objectives : The quotation of Seongyeong found in the chapter of danjeonyusam in Donguibogam uses a type of allocation of Gi(氣), Sin(神), and Jeong(精) each in Upper, Middle and Lower, three Danjeon, that is different from the type was widely accepted at the time. The paper attempts to interpret this in a new way. Methods : The paper collected the understanding of Jeong-Gi-Sin found in the Korean medicine based on Naedan Theory of Taoism, and tried to approach and structurally analyze the contents of Seongyeong, Ojinpyeonju, and Hwanggeuggyeongseseo found in Donguibogam's danjeonyusam. Results : The control of the body by Gi stored in Upper Danjeon is related to brain function, control of Gi at Lower Danjeon which preserves Jeong in Kidney is related to proliferation of Original Qi from kidney region throughout the body by triple energizers. Sin located at Middle Danjeon is contrasted with Jeong in Lower Danjeon, and Sin controls activity of life in the part between body and Gi. Conclusions : A new understanding on the assignment of Jeong-Gi-Sin in Seongyeong is possible, and it is expected to contribute to the future study of Korean Medicine and Taoism.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.199-211
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• 2009

The concept of Myeongmun(命門) could be found in early medical texts such as "Naegyeong (內經)" and "Nan-gyeong(難經)", but the real idea about Myeongmun(命門) had mainly originated from "Nan-gyeong", in successive medical research. The concept of Myeongmun in "Nan-gyeong" could be read as an organ without form, and under the influence of Taoism theory, the concept of Myeongmun could also be understood as Danjeon(丹田). The theory about Danjeon in Taoism theory affected the concept of Myeongmun in medical theory to be closely related with the concept of Hwa(火), especially Sanghwa(相火). Through the theoretical development of Myeongmun and Sanghwa, the concept of Sanghwa could have been understood as a kind of Hwa(火) in human body, and the theoretical development like this had appeared from the time of Geumwon(金元) dynasty, when many medical doctors had experienced the Naedan(內丹) theory of Taoism. Under the influence of Taoism theory, from the time of the Geumwon dynasty to Myeong(明) dynasty, efforts to explain the concept of Myeongmun and Sanghwa in the human body made various meaningful theoretical products, which was not well-known within medical theories of ancient times. We need to recognize the differences in the understanding of the concept of Myeongmun and Sanghwa among each medical doctors, especially among those that showed opposite views. This study is based on the opinion that the difference in the understanding of the concept of Myeongmun and Sang-hwa among each medical doctors had been mainly due to the difference of understanding and analyzing the Taoism theory as the origin of the Myeongmun and Sanghwa theory in medicine. Regarding this, this study will take an overview of the successive development of Myeongmun and Sang-hwa theory in medicine, and will also look into the concept of Danjeon and Sanghwa in Taoism theory, which will allow better understanding of the progress of development of the Myeongmun and Sanghwa theory.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.474-482
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Danjeon Breathing Exercise (DBE) on vital capacity, physical fitness, anxiety and depression among older adults. Methods: This study employed the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The experimental group participated in a 12-week DBE program. Vital capacity and physical fitness were measured with a health measurement system (HELMAS). Anxiety and depression were measured with SCL-90-R-K. Data were collected from 37 community-dwelling older adults (experimental group=21, control group=16) in the Seoul metropolitan area. The data were analyzed by $x^2$-test, Mann-Whitney test and ANCOVA. Results: The experimental group taking DBE reported significant increases in flexibility than the control group, but differences in vital capacity and balance were not significant. Older adults taking DBE showed significant decreases in the anxiety and depression levels. Conclusion: A DBE program may be a useful nursing intervention for older adults to improve their flexibility and to reduce anxiety and depression.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

According to "Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)", "the Shinnong Herb Bible(神農本草經)", "Chamdonggo(參同攷)", come to the conclusion about medical thought of "the Zhouyi Cantongxie(周易參同契)". Alchemy is a common field both on the eastern and western civilization, but a process of development is different. Ancient chinese alchemist made a study on external alchemy, but harmful consequences of external alchemy was consecutive, many scholars had turned their interest on internal alchemy which is related in human meridian biology and spirit. In the western alchemy has developed to make a study on analytic psychology and science of religion. Most importantly, the eastern and western alchemy have something in common what at the point of the perfection of self is similar, but the name is different, for example in the eastern alchemy we can be immortals and take a spiritual enlightenment with the elixir of life, in the western we can take a cure of souls as a christian. As for internal alchemy, "Cantongxie(參同契)" gives influence to the theories such as the theory of danjeon(lower part of the abdomen), evolution, aging, and life nurturing. Especially, the theory of danjeon shows such merit for studying since it is similar to triple energizers(三焦) and the theory of qi street(氣街) of oriental medicine. The study on "Cantongxie(參同契)" was achieved in Korea too, especially Chosun dynasty. "Candongkao (參同攷)" by Seo Myung-eung(徐命膺, 1716~1787) are representative. According to "Candongkao(參同攷)", Geon(乾), Gon(坤), Gam(坎), and Ri(離), the four trigrams for divination, each are affiliated with lungs, spleen, kidneys, and heart. Nowadays the study on alchemy correspond with modern trends, which are anti-aging and living without any disease. If processed mineral drugs is assured for stability, it can be used for incurable diseases such as cancer.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-49
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• 2011

Objective : This research was carried out to find out the general understanding of korean medicine and the attitude toward medical gigong among common people. Methods : Randomly selected 297 people participated in this research. We performed this survey with 13 items on the Questionnaire Results : 13.1% of respondents knew qigong training, and 7.1% of respondents knew medical qigong. Most respondents knew one or more terms of qigong. Among them, the order was known as meridian, danjeon, sojucheon. 57.6% of respondents had a mind to be in a treatment of medical qigong. And 45.7% of respondents were satisfied with the harmless of medical gigong. However, 41% were unsatisfied with the low effect of the treatment. Conclusions : Medical gigong treatment need to develop an explanatory model which based on static study. And technically advanced public relations are needed.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to inquire clinical meaning and characteristic of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) by researching building and progression of Eight extra meridians theory. Results : As a result of research of building and progression of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) theory, we can regard that the origin of Eight extra meridians was based on lower Danjeon(丹田) which was the root of Primordial energy and the origin of the Twelve meridians and collaterals(十二經脈) was based on Middle energizer which was the root of Acquired energy. On this, we could know that Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are based on Primordial energy and Acquired energy and function of Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are complement each other. So, we can say that considering the Twelve meridians and collaterals means that is valued on Acquired energy clinically, and considering Eight extra meridians means that is valued on Primordial energy in health preserving method (養生).

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.53
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• pp.215-254
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• 2017

In the study of divining art, Hoche(互體) plays vital roles in the composition of Goaes(卦) and interpretation of Sutras, but the reality is that the research effort for Hoche has been poor along with the perception of its utilization. This study set out to investigate connections among Bongoae(本卦), Hoche, and Hoche of Hoche(Hohoche互互體) and thus shed new light on the importance of Hoche in the composition and interpretation of Yi. 64 Goaes belong to 16 Hoches, which should belong to 4 Hoches. 4 Hoches Jungcheongeon(重天乾), Jungjigon(重地坤), Suhwagije(水火旣濟), and Hwasumije (火水未濟). That is, one can make 6 Hoikgoaes(劃卦) by extracting Hoche from the 6 Hoikgoaes comprised of Hoche of Bongoae, and they converge on 4 Goaes of Geon (乾), Gon(坤), Gije(旣濟), and Mije(未濟). The present study named Hoche of Hoche Hohoche and argued that there should be some consistent connections in the interpretation of meanings of these 4 Hohoche Goaes and their respective Hoches and Bongoaes. Focusing on the discovery of common meanings among the Hoches and Bongoaes of "Danjeon(彖傳)" and" Daesangjeon(大象傳)" of Hohoche. Book of Changes begin with Jungcheongeon and Jungjigon and end with Suhwagije and Hwasumije. The Hohoche of 64 Goaes(卦) are concluded into these 4 Goaes, which indicates that the 4 Goaes have supervision over beginning and ending and that all the Goaes between them operate within the categories of 4 Goaes. The content of "Danjeon" and "Daesangjeon" in Hohoche holds certain semantic connections in the interpretation of Hoche and Bongoae restored to Hohoche and points to the directionality of the interpretation. Those findings open a window for investigating Hoche with the core principle of Goae formation in Book of Changes and imply that Hoche holds important significance in the interpretation of the Book.