• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2020

Milk proteins, such as casein and whey protein, exhibit significant potential as natural emulsifiers for the preparation and stabilization of emulsion-based delivery systems. This can be attributed to their unique functional properties, such as the amphiphilic nature, GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, high nutritional value, and viscoelastic film-forming ability around oil droplets. In addition, milk protein has been used as a coating material in emulsion-based delivery systems to protect bioactive compounds during food processing and storage owing to its unique functional properties. These properties include the ability to bind lipophilic bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. In this review, we present the use of milk proteins as emulsifiers for the formation of emulsions and food applications of milk protein-stabilized emulsion delivery systems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1044-1052
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• 2015

The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the effect of large herd size (and land areas) on walking distances and milking interval (MI), and their impact on milk yield and economic penalties when 50% of the total diets were provided from home grown feed either as pasture or grazeable complementary forage rotation (CFR) in an automatic milking system (AMS). Twelve scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as 'moderate'; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as 'high') and 2 rates of incorporation of grazeable complementary forage system (CFS: 0, 30%; CFS = 65% farm is CFR and 35% of farm is pasture) were investigated. Walking distances, energy loss due to walking, MI, reduction in milk yield and income loss were calculated for each treatment based on information available in the literature. With moderate pasture utilisation and 0% CFR, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in an increase in total walking distances between the parlour and the paddock from 3.5 to 6.3 km. Consequently, MI increased from 15.2 to 16.4 h with increased herd size from 400 to 800 cows. High pasture utilisation (allowing for an increased stocking density) reduced the total walking distances up to 1 km, thus reduced the MI by up to 0.5 h compared to the moderate pasture, 800 cow herd combination. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm reduced the total walking distances by up to 1.7 km and MI by up to 0.8 h compared to the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd combination. For moderate pasture utilisation, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in more dramatic milk yield penalty as yield increasing from c.f. 2.6 and 5.1 kg/cow/d respectively, which incurred a loss of up to $AU 1.9/cow/d. Milk yield losses of 0.61 kg and 0.25 kg for every km increase in total walking distance (voluntary return trip from parlour to paddock) and every one hour increase in MI, respectively. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm increased milk yield by up to 1.5 kg/cow/d, thereby reducing loss by up to $0.5/cow/d (c.f. the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd scenario). Thus, it was concluded that the successful integration of grazeable CFS with pasture has the potential to improve financial performance compared to the pasture only, large herd, AMS.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1987년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집; 한국과학기술대학, 충남; 16-17 Oct. 1987
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• pp.335-339
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• 1987

In this report, automatic packing equipment for dairy milk is presented. For food industry, Pneumatic System is widely applied because of it's environments. So, for the actuation, signal processing and sensing of this auto-packer, all pneumatic equipments was applied.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.148-157
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• 1994

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.343-357
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• 1994

Current commercial dairy feed has various problems in low feed productivity, inadequate formulation and higher feeding cost due to excessive capital investment and non-specialized system for the end product. To solve those problems, 6 TMR terminal models were developed in this study. The developed TMR terminal system consists of TMR terminal, TMR main center and combined system linked TMR terminal and TMR main center. 15 TMR main center models were developed to support 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 TMR terminal(30 ton/day basis) by 3 different types, and evaluated for capital investment and operation cost by the analysis of the newly developed computer program. Optimum model size is analyzed and suggested for each model. Followings are summary of this study : 1. The capital investment costs of TMR main centers were 1,600 to 3,800 million won for type 1, 2,200 to 4,500 million won for type 2 and 2,200 to 4,800 million won for type 3. Also model MACE30 or bigger were justified as the economical models. 2. The feed production costs of TMR main center models were 3,166 to 4,824 won/ton for type 1, 3,816 to 6,182 won/ton for type 2 and 3,990 to 6,263 won/ton for type 3. So feed production cost range was 3,166 to 6,263 won/ton. 3. The bigger production capacity, the less TMR main center production cost. The feed production cost of the biggest model MACE50 was 62~65% of smallest model MACE10.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.155-159
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to determine physiological and mechanical factors effecting on the pregnancy rates following artificial insemination in dairy cattle. Estrus for artificial insemination of cows was checked whether the outflow of mucus from the elements was out flow or not. There were no significant difference of gestation rates with mucus release (31.76%) and without mucus release (24.03%). The pregnancy rates were 39.02% in 10~20mm of follicle size group and 27.08% (p<0.05) in 20~30mm diameter of the follicles. There were not different pregnancy rates between twice inseminated dairy cattle and more than 3 times inseminated cattle. The pregnancy rate was 28.57% under automatic milking system. In contrast, under artificial milking system pregnancy rate was 56.85%. Two systems significantly (p<0.05) were different. These results suggest that pregnancy rates were not effected by physiological system, but mechanical condition.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2011

본 연구는 한우, 젖소, 돼지, 산란계 HACCP 적용 농장의 분변, 원유 및 사육환경에서 병원성세균 등 분석을 통하여 HACCP 적용 농장의 생물학적 위해 관리 실태를 파악하고자 하고 이를 농장 HACCP 시스템 적용에 관한 기초 연구 자료로 사용하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 미생물 시료는 HACCP을 적용 중인 한우, 젖소, 돼지, 산란계농장의 축사바닥분뇨, 퇴비사, 원유탱크, 집란기, 분변 벨트 등에서 채취 하였으며 축산식품의 생물학적 위해인 Pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella spp. S. aureus 등을 분석하였다. 각 축종별 대장균은 분변에서 100% 검출되었으나 Salmonella spp.는 검출되지 않았다. 또한 젖소농장의 원유 냉각기에서도 S. aurues가 검출되지 않았다. 그러나 돼지농장의 돈사바닥 및 퇴비장에서는 검사건수 30건당 각각 2건, 1건의 Salmonella spp.가 검출되었다. 마찬가지로 산란계농장의 계사바닥 및 분변벨트에서도 전체분석 건수 대비 10~20%의 Salmonella spp.가 검출되었다. 이러한 결과는 문헌상 보고되고 있는 일반축산농가의 병원성세균 관리실태와 간접 비교하였을 경우 HACCP 시스템을 적용중인 축산농가에서의 일반축산농가보다 병원성 세균관리가 더욱 철저히 이루어지고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.514-522
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• 2024

This study mainly evaluated the responses in growth performance of growing pigs to different energy systems and energy levels in diets. Subsequently, we compared the nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient concentrations of each energy level diet. In experiment 1, a total of 144 growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 26.69 ± 7.39 kg were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (four pigs/pen; six replicates/treatment) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement resulting from two energy systems (metabolizable energy [ME] and net energy [NE]) and three energy levels (low [LE], recommended [C], and high energy [HE]). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks and were allowed free access to feed and water during the experimental period. In experiment 2, 12 growing pigs with an average initial BW of 27.0 ± 1.8 kg were randomly allotted to individual metabolism crates and fed the six diets in a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design. The six dietary treatments were identical to those used in the growth trial. Pigs were fed their respective diets at 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance per day, and this was divided into two equal meals provided twice per day during the experimental period. Differences in energy systems and energy levels had no significant effect on the growth performance or nutrient digestibility (except acid-hydrolyzed ether extract [AEE]) of growing pigs in the current study. However, the digestible concentrations of ether extract, AEE, and acid detergent fiber (g/kg dry matter [DM]) in diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing energy levels. Additionally, there was a tendency (p = 0.09) for an increase in the digestible crude protein content (g/kg DM) as the energy content of the diet increased. Consequently, differences in energy systems and levels did not affect the BW, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake of growing pigs. This implies that a higher variation in dietary energy levels may be required to significantly affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility when considering digestible nutrient concentrations.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2009

부족한 노동력 해소와 유질 및 유량의 향상을 위해서 5축 다관절 매니퓰레이터와 착유컵 착탈 시스템 및 영상처리 시스템을 이용한 로봇 착유시스템을 개발하였으며, 착유우 실험을 통해 시스템 성능분석 및 착유량에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 1. 착유컵 장착시간은 최소 17초, 최대 38초, 평균 27초가 소요되었으며, 이는 착유성능에 영향이 없을 것으로 판단되었다. 착유컵 탈락은 약 1초 내에 유두에서 탈락하는 것으로 나타나 착유작업에 지장을 주지 않을 것으로 판단되었다. 2. 로봇 착유시스템을 이용한 착유량은 평균 착유량은 7.5 kg으로 나타났으며, 주간 착유량의 표준편차는 0.7 kg으로 나타났다. 비유곡선을 이용한 착유량 분석도 로봇 착유시스템에 의한 착유 시 착유량에 큰 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 로봇 착유시스템은 착유컵 착탈 성능과 착유량에 미치는 영향에 관한 것으로 착유실내의 모든 착유작업을 수행하기 위해서는 착유전 유두세척, 유두 마사지 및 전처리 공정과 착유우 후처리 및 소독 공정이 모두 필요한 사항이며, 앞으로 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2008

Milk from dairy cows has long provided a high quality source of protein and selected micronutrients as calcuim to most populations. Recently, a relationship between disease risk and consumption of specific bovine ${\beta}$-casein fraction either A1 or A2 genetic variants has identified. Populations, which consume milk contain high containing high levels of ${\beta}$-casein A2 variants, have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, consumption of milk with the A2 variants may be associated with less severe symptoms of autism and schizophrenia. The mechanism of action focuses on ${\beta}$-casein A1 and related forms preferentially that are able to produce a bioactive opioid peptide, ${\beta}$-casomorphin-7(${\beta}$-CM-7) during digestion. Infants may absorb ${\beta}$-CM-7 due to an immature gastrointestinal tract. Adult, on the other hand, appear to reap the biological activity locally on the intestinal brush boarder. ${\beta}$-CM-7 can potentially affect numerous opioid receptors in the nervous, endocrine, and immune system. Whether there is a definite health benefit to milk containing the A2 genetic variant is unknown and requires further investigation.