• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.79-82
• /
• 2010

Three types of leaf domatia; Pocket (P), Tufts (T) and Tufts-Pocket (TP) were observed in the five species of Cornus namely; Cornus kousa, C. controversa, C. officinalis, C. walteri and C. alba. In C. walteri no tufts were observed, the domatia was just a well developed pocket one. In C. officinalis and C. kousa, tufts domatia of brownish color were observed but C. officinalis developed denser tufts than those observed in C. kousa. Unlike in C. kousa where the domatia covered about only 1/2 of the axil, in the C. officinalis tufts covered almost 3/4 of the axil. In both species the tufts domatia were located in the inner side of the leaf axil. In C. controversa and C. alba whitish colored tufts were observed covering Pockets and hence the Tuft Pocket domatia. In C. controversa the tufts were more than in C. alba but in both species the tufts were short and were located in the inner sides of the axil. Thus, based on these physiological features it was concluded that C. officinalis and C. kousa are sister species likewise C. controversa and C. alba while C. walteri belong to another lineage. The advancement of domatia (absence of tufts) in C. walteri suggests that they are the most advanced while C. officinalis and C. kousa the most primitive due to their possession of highly developed tufts and C. controversa and C. alba the intermediates.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.19-23
• /
• 2011

In this study three types of domatia; Tuft (T), Pocket-Tuft (PT) and Pocket (P) were observed on some species of the genus Cornus. Cornus officinalis Sieb & Zuee and C. florida Linnaeus possess T type, C. controversa Hemsl and C. walteri Wangerin possess PT type while C. alba Linnaeus possess P type. A total of 120 leaves were investigated for foliar mite's population. T type domatia was the habitat of 329 mites (48.89%), followed by PT type where 198 mites (29.41%) were found, and the least favored was the P type domatia that accommodated 146 mites (21.70%) out of 673 mites in total. The mean number of mites per domatia was $8({\pm}0.22)$, $4({\pm}0.95)$ and $3({\pm}0.70)$ for T, PT and P type, respectively. The alternative hypothesis that foliar mites prefer T type domatia as a habitat than PT and P type domatia was accepted based on these findings at a probability of P<0.05. Thus, it was concluded that foliar mites prefer T type domatia than the other two types. This could be due to the nature and efficiency of T type domatia in ensuring mites protection from predators and unfriendly environmental conditions. Therefore, the presence of denser tufts lowers the risks of predation and unfriendly environmental conditions and results in a higher number of mites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.611-616
• /
• 2010

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of broadleaved tree species growing in tropical rain forest, Solomon Islands, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves of 26 tree species, collected from the trees growing in Guadalcanal, New Georgia, and Tetepare islands, were investigated from Feb. 25 to March 5, 2010. The results are summarized as follows. Six tree species including Terminalia catappa(23.08%) among total 26 species have domatia structure. Especially, domatia of T. catappa reveals two types; pouch type and pit+tuft type. Predatory mites are observed on the leaves of only three species including T. catappa. Predatory mites' number per leaf or leaflet proved a few, 0.33~0.40. Insect pests destroying the leaf of tree species are such as aphids, Diaspididae sp., larva of Lepidoptera, and Eriosoma sp.(Pemphlogidae). Ants are co-works with aphids and Diaspididae sp., and supports herbivores. These results indicate that protective mutualisms between tree and predatory mites may be less frequent in woody species of tropical rain forest in Solomon Islands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.258-263
• /
• 2010

To study on the typical domatia structure, the leaves of six broad-leaved tree species were examined. Domatia of the leaves of the broad-leaved trees is the defense strategies against hervivory of many broad-leaved tree species. We observed four type domatia; Pouch type, Tuft type, Pocket type, and Pocket + tuft type. This result suggests that broad-leaved trees have develope leaf domatia structures for mutualism with predatory mites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.99 no.3
• /
• pp.298-303
• /
• 2010

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of Juglans regia and J. mandshurica, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Mt. Chiak, Mt. Cheongtae, Mt. Jungwang, Namyangju-si and Wonju-si, were investigated from May to October, 2009. Domatia of J. mandshurica revealed tuft type, these of J. regia revealed pocket+tuft type. Domatia number per leaflet proved the higher figures, 28.3/leaflet for J. mandshurica, and the lower, 19.6/leaflet for J. regia. Leaf surface trichomes of J. regia revealed stellates only on the domatia structures, and that of J. mandshurica does dense stellates and glandular hairs on the leaf-blade and vein. Predatory mites' number per leaflet proved highly significant differences among tree species, and mean of predatory mites was higher values (4.8/leaflet) in J. mandshurica and lower values (3.5/leaflet) in J. regia. Small amount of nectar are found distal veinparts on the leaf margin of J. mandshurica. Dense glandular hairs on the lower leaf surfaces of J. mandshurica estimates useful strategy against herbivory. It may be possible to breed J. regia for better expression of leaf traits such as dense glandular hairs that increase predator populations and efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.362-366
• /
• 2012

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of five Viburnum species, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Wonju-si, Pyeungchang-gun, Taebaek-si, Taean-gun, Bonghwa-gun, Sancheung-gun and Jinju-si were investigated from May 2009 to October 2011. Domatia of V. carlesii reveals pocket type, these of V. burejaeticum, V. dilatatum and V. wrightii reveal tuft type, and that of V. odoratissimum var. awabuki reveals pouch type. Domatia number per leaf proves the highest figures, 24.0/leaf for V. burejaeticum, and the lowest, 4.9/leaf for V. carlesii. Leaf surface trichomes of four Viburnum species except for V. odoratissimum var. awabuki are mainly stellate and hispid on the leaf-blade and veins, and dense stellate trichomes on the upper leaf surface of V. carlesii, V. burejaeticum, and V. dilatatum are observed till late growing season. Extrafloral nectaries(EFN) on the terminal veins of five Viburnum species are observed. Pellucid dots on the lower leaf surface of V. dilatatum and V. wrightii might be a good defense strategies against herbivores. We observe many predatory mites eating nectar on large pellucid dots of V. dilatatum. Predatory mites number per leaf proved highly significant differences among tree species, and mean of mites number was highest values 8.1/leaf for V. burejaeticum, and the lowest 2.6/leaf for V. odoratissimum var. awabuki. These results indicate that temperate broadleave trees develop various defense strategies against herbivores for survival. The more studies on the defense strategies against herbivores of tree species might be needed for sustainable forest ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2012

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of 67 broadleaved tree species, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Taean-gun, Chuncheongnam-do were investigated. 46 broadleaved tree species(68.7%) had the domatia structures, and 21 species including Quercus salicina and Magnolia grandiflora did not. 31 species including Juglans mandshurica and Carpinus laxiflora reveals tuft type, 12 species including Quercus dentata and Corylus heterophylla reveals pocket+tuft type, and 2 species, Sorbus alnifolia and Prunus yedoensis does pocket type, and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki does pouch type. Domatia number per leaf proves the highest figures, 23.4/leaf for Quercus dentata. Plant defense strategies using leaf lower-surface trichomes of Magnolia grandiflora reveals dense villous, those of Populus alba and Vitis vinifera reveals dense pilose, that of Elaeagnus umbellata does dense scaly hairs, that of Pueraria lobata does dense strigose. Plant defense strategies using extrafloral nectaries were adapted 23 tree species(34.3%). Observed examples are Prunus tomentosa, Ficus carica, Viburnum dilatatum and Carpinus laxiflora. Predatory mites were observed on the leaves of 40 tree species(59.7%), and mean values of predatory mites was highest values 23.4/leaf in Quercus dentata. Minute arthropods destroying the leaf of broadleaved trees. are such as Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Diaspididae sp., gall mites, thrips, and total numbers observed were odered gall mites, Diaspididae sp., aphids and thrips. Natural enemies of these hervivores arthropods are such as predatory mites, Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi. These results indicate that defense strategies including protective mutualisms may be frequent in the temperate broadleave trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.411-417
• /
• 2009

This research is intended to discover physiological and biochemical defense mechanisms against herbivores of 8 species of the genus Acerby examining the morphological characteristics of the leaf, the structure and number of leaf domatia, herbivores insects and mites feeding on leaves, which were collected from the trees growing in Mt. Chiak, Mt. Cheongtae, Mt. Jungwang, Mt. Bangtae, Mt. Taebaek and Wonju City. This research was conducted from May through July, 2009, and the results are as follows. The domatia of A. pseudosieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono and A. mandshuricum belongs to tuft type; that of A. palmatum, A. triflorum and A. tschonoskii pocket+tuft type; and that of A. tegmentosum pocket type. The number of domatia per leaf turned out to be the highest in the case of A. tegmentosum(20.2), and the lowest in the case of A. ginnala (4.2). Leaf surface trichomes of A. palmatum, A. pseudosiebotdianum, A. ginnala and A. mandshuricum are covered with villi; those of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. triflorum with soft, pilose type of hair, and those of A. tschonoskii with stiff, strigose hair. The trichome density of lower leaf surface is found to be higher than that of the upper leaf surface. Only in the case of A. palmatum, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tegmentosum and A. tschonoskii, a small amount of nectar is found to be secreted from the distal vein parts of the leaf margin. The number of mites on each leaf are found to be significantly different among tree species, and average mites number per leaf was the highest in the case of A. tschonoskii (9.2/leaf), and A. mandshuricum, A. pseudosieboldianum, and A. triflorum follow it in decreasing order. Minute insects attacking the leaf of Acer spp. include Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Psylla spp, and gall mites, and the number of these insects are found in Periphyllus californiensis, Psylla spp, P. viridis, and Cicadellidae sp. in decreasing order. The natural enemies of these herbivores insects are predatory mites, such as Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi, Poecilocoris lewisi and its larva, and Poecilocoris lewisi. Lasius japonicus and Formica japonica are symbiotic with aphids, and supports herbivores. Finally, our research confirmed that predatory mites attack Periphyllus californiensis and suck the body fluid of their victim. This proves that mites form a symbiotic relationship with plants through the mediation of leaf domatia. This also indicates that a protective mutualism may be more conspicuous in temperate broad-leaved trees.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.178-180
• /
• 2014

We report a new record of Jasminum albicalyx Kobuski in Vietnam. The plant differs from J. pedunculatum Gagnep., a closely related taxon, by foliar and floral characters such as less number of lateral veins, presence of domatia at vein axils on the abaxial surface of leaf, smaller bracts, white calyx having more number of lobes and less number of lobes in corolla. Morphological description, line drawing and color photographs are provided in addition to the species key of allied species of Jasminum albicalyx in Vietnam.