• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 1981

1147 preschool children aged from 3 to 6 living in some farm villages in Kyungki-do were surveyed on dmf and distribution of dental caries in primary dentition. The results were as follows: 1. dmf rate ... 92.76 % boy ... 94.52 % girl ... 90.5.5 % 2. dmf t rate ... 37.07 % dmf t index ... 7.09 3. dmf s rate ... 13.74 % dmf s index ... 13.14 % 4. df t index ... 6.94 5. Each percentage of d, m & f per dmf teeth d rate ... 89.96 % m rate ... 7.24 % f rate ... 2.67 % 6. Most frequent site of dental caries in each tooth $\underline{A}$ mesial $\overline{A}$ distal $\underline{B}$ mesial $\overline{B}$ distal $\underline{C}$ distal $\overline{C}$ distal $\underline{D}$ disto-occlusal $\overline{D}$ disto-occlusal $\underline{E}$ linguo-occlusal $\overline{E}$ occlusal 7. Order of caries susceptibility $\overline{E}$ $\underline{E}$ $\overline{D}$ $\underline{D}$ $\underline{A}$ $\underline{B}$ $\overline{C}$ $\underline{C}$ $\overline{B}$ $\overline{A}$ 8. All the values in caries criteria showed a marked increae from those of 1968.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2004

The conformations of dicyclopropyl, isopropyl cyclopropyl, and diisopropylcarbenes were optimized using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d)). We showed that the optimized geometries of carbenes with cyclopropyl groups are fully in accord with those expected for bisected W-shaped conformations, in which the effective hyperconjugation of a cyclopropyl group with singlet carbene can occur. The stabilization energies were evaluated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df, 2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) + ZPE level using an isodesmic equation. The relative stability of carbenes is in the order $(c-Pr)_2$C: > (i-Pr)(c-Pr)C: > $(i-Pr)_2$C:, and a cyclopropyl group stabilizes carbene more than an isopropyl group by nearly 9 kcal/mol. Energies for the decomposition of diazo compounds to carbenes increase in the order $(c-Pr)_2$ < (i-Pr)(c-Pr) < $(i-Pr)_2$ by ~9 kcal/mol each. From a singlettriplet energy gap ($E_{ST}$) calculation, the singlet level is lower than the triplet level and the $E_{ST}$ shows a trend similar to the stabilization energy calculations. For comparison, the optimized geometries and stabilization energies for the corresponding carbocations were also studied at the same level of calculation. The greater changes in geometries and the higher stabilization energies for carbocations compared to carbenes can explain the greater hyperconjugation effect.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1999

This survey was performed from March 1993 to March 1998, in order to clarify the relationships between water quality and topographical factor. The study sites were two reservoir basins; Kaesim and Jangchan in Iwon-myon, Okchon-gun, Chungcho'ngbukdo Province. Basin shape factors of Kaesim reservoir were at 0.030∼0.210 (mean value 0.090), those of Jangchan reservoir were at 0.217∼0.452 (mean value 0.325). The mean basin shape factor of Jangchan reservoir was 3.61 times larger than that of Kaesim reservoir because its stream width was narrower and mean stream length was shorter. In the correlation between distance from the source of stream (L) and basin area (A), Iwonchon basin was calculated as L=1.44A/sup 0.6/. Circularity ratio was 17.114 in Kaesim (22% of Kum River), and 7.444 in Jangchan. Elongation ratio was 0.357 in Kaesim, 0.636 in Jangchan and 0.282 in Kum River. Precipitation summation period of Jangchan was 1.54 times slower than that of Kaesim. Rainfall reaching time in each small basin was 337.53 min. in A'(Jangchan-ri) basin of Jangchan and 49.26 min in H (Iwon-ri) basin of Kaesim. In the relationship between watershed frequency (Df) and drainage density (Dd), the regression equation was Df=0.023Dd² in Kaesim and Df=0.189Dd² in Jangchan reservoir. As slope degree increased, DO became higher (Y/sub DO/=0.19X＋6.5927, r=0.8l), but COD(Y/sub COD/=-0.2092X＋9.7104, r=0.52) became lower. Total nitrogen was increased with the increase of basin shape factor and circularity ratio. Ratio of B/sub OD/ to COD was 1/1.2(Y/sub BOD/ = 1.2984 X/sub COD/-3.2004, r=0.9l).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.679-688
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• 2003

The leptin receptor gene(LEPR) produces a high affinity receptor that mediates the regulation of the leptin gene. Leptin secreted from adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating feed intake and energy balance. In this study, a microsatellite marker within LEPR was selected and genotyped for the F2 population composed of 354 individuals from an intercross between Korean Native boars and Landrace sows. Totally, six alleles (255, 259, 261, 263, 265 and 267bp) and nineteen genotypes were detected in the population, of which the CE (261/265), CC (261/261) and EE (265/265) types were observed by 20.0%, 10.1% and 9.6%, respectively. Relationships between their genotypes and economic traits were analyzed. We found specific genotypes associated with economic traits such as body weight at 12 weeks of age/body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat/shear force (P〈0.001), body weight of 30 weeks of age (P〈0.01) and body weight of 3 weeks of age/back fat thickness (P〈0.05). The DD (263/263) and DF (263/267) types were associated with body weight at 3, 5, 12 and 30 weeks of age. The DF (263/267) type showed a highly significant effect on back fat thickness and body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat. The DF (263/267) type showed positive effect on shear force, whereas the BB (259/259) and DD (263/263) types negatively affected on tenderness.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2014

The pedigree information and race records of 1,000 m finishing time of Jeju race horses at KRA were used to study the effect of amount of pedigree information and parental misidentification on the estimates of genetic parameters. The modified data sets were made at the range of 2.5 to 25% parental misidentifications or loss of parental information of individuals with an increment of 2.5 percent. For each incremental level, 20 randomly replicated data sets were obtained and analyzed by single-trait analysis with a DF-REML(AI) algorithm. As the rate of misidentification increased or the amount of pedigree information decreased, the estimates of fraction of additive genetics variance component gradually decreased almost linearly (p<0.05), while the estimated fractions of error variance and permanent environmental variance components gradually increased for the finishing time. Regression coefficients of the percentage amount of both parents' information loss and incorrect pedigree information on additive genetic variances were -0.079 and -0.114, respectively (p<0.01). The estimate of heritability decreased by 0.92% for one percent loss of both parents' information and 1.39% for one percent increase of both parental misidentifications of progeny (p<0.01). For the consideration of probable incorrect and missing parent information of progeny in this early population of Jeju horses, the estimates of additive genetic parameters would be biased downward about ten percent. This results indicate that the amount of pedigree information loss and misidentification of progeny would severely affect estimates of genetic parameters and would reduce genetic gains for selection in Jeju horse population.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.1333-1354
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• 2019

In authors' paper in 2007, it was shown that the BSE-extension of $C^1_0(R)$, the algebra of continuously differentiable functions f on the real number space R such that f and df /dx vanish at infinity, is the Lipschitz algebra $Lip_1(R)$. This paper extends this result to the case of $C^n_0(R^d)$ and $C^{n-1,1}_b(R^d)$, where n and d represent arbitrary natural numbers. Here $C^n_0(R^d)$ is the space of all n-times continuously differentiable functions f on $R^d$ whose k-times derivatives are vanishing at infinity for k = 0, ${\cdots}$, n, and $C^{n-1,1}_b(R^d)$ is the space of all (n - 1)-times continuously differentiable functions on $R^d$ whose k-times derivatives are bounded for k = 0, ${\cdots}$, n - 1, and (n - 1)-times derivatives are Lipschitz. As a byproduct of our investigation we obtain an important result that $C^{n-1,1}_b(R^d)$ has a predual.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.5381-5399
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• 2016

Currently, the quantize-and-forward (QF) scheme with high order modulation and quantization has rather high complexity and it is thus impractical, especially in multiple relay cooperative communications. To overcome these deficiencies, an improved low complex QF scheme is proposed by the combination of the low order binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation and the 1-bit and 2-bit quantization, respectively. In this scheme, the relay selection is optimized by the best relay position for best bit-error-rate (BER) performance, where the relays are located closely to the destination node. In addition, an optimal power allocation is also suggested on a total power constraint. Finally, the BER and the achievable rate of the low order 1-bit, 2-bit and 3-bit QF schemes are simulated and analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the 3-bit QF scheme has about 1.8~5 dB, 4.5~7.5 dB and 1~2.5 dB performance gains than those of the decode-and-forward (DF), the 1-bit and 2-bit QF schemes, at BER of $10^{-2}$, respectively. For the 2-bit QF, the scheme of the normalized Source-Relay (S-R) distance with 0.9 has about 5dB, 7.5dB, 9dB and 15dB gains than those of the distance with 0.7, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1, respectively, at BER of $10^{-3}$. In addition, the proposed optimal power allocation saves about 2.5dB much more relay power on an average than that of the fixed power allocation. Therefore, the proposed QF scheme can obtain excellent features, such as good BER performance, low complexity and high power efficiency, which make it much pragmatic in the future cooperative communications.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.8 no.2 s.15
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• pp.186-194
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• 2004

Due to the exponential growth of information on the internet, it is getting difficult to find and organize relevant informations. To reduce heavy overload of accesses to information, automatic text classification for handling enormous documents is necessary. In this paper, we describe structure and implementation of a document classification system for web documents. We utilize SVM for documentation classification model that is constructed based on training set and its representative terms in a directory. In our system, SVM is trained and is used for document classification by using word set that is extracted from information and communication related web documents. In addition, we use vector-space model in order to represent characteristics based on TFiDF and training data consists of positive and negative classes that are represented by using characteristic set with weight. Experiments show the results of categorization and the correlation of vector length.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.215-226
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• 1993

Color stability of tooth colored restorative resins is an important factor, particularly in anterior teeth restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability and opacity change of several light curing composite resins. Specimens of eight composite resins(Prisma AP. H., Brilliant Enamel, Charisma, Durafil, Helio Progress, Herculite XR, P-50 and Silux Plus) were divided into two groups : In Group 1, the specimens were polymerized by visible light curing unit for 60 seconds on both sides and in Group 2, the post-cured specimens were heat tempered by light/heat curing unit for 45 units(about 18 min.). All specimens were stored in distilled water at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The color characteristics($L^*,a^*,b^*$) and opacity of the specimens before and after immersion were measured by spectrocolorimetry and the total color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) and opacity change (${\Delta}Y%$) were computed. The results obtained were as follows : 1. SP and APH in both groups, DF, HP and HXR in Group 1 showed ${\Delta}E^*$-value above 2.0. 2. DF, HP, SP and HXR in Group 1 showed higher ${\Delta}E^*$-value than in Group 2, but the others had no significant difference. 3. The opacity of CH and HXR in Group 1, and of CH and BE in Group 2 decreased after immersion, while that of the others increased. 4. Opacity change of BE, P50 and HXR was significantly different between Group 1 and 2. These results suggest that color change in the post-cure heat tempered specimens by light/heat curing unit was smaller than that of the specimens polymerized by visible light curing unit. No clinically detectable opacity changes were noted for any materials in either goup.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.309-317
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• 2020

Objective: One of the treatment strategies for controlling chronic pain and preventing disability is patient education. Pain neuroscience education (PNE) has been proven to be effective in explaining the biological and physiological processes associated with pain experiences to patients. The purpose of this review is to investigate the effectiveness of PNE for kinesiophobia such as avoidance response in patients with chronic pain. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, and the Cochrane Central Register of controlled trials databases were searched through November 2020 and included a randomized controlled trials evaluating kinesiophobia in musculoskeletal patients with chronic pain. In 8 randomized controlled trial studies, 'Cochrane's risk of bias (RoB) tool was used for qualitative analysis, and results of post-intervention were analyzed through RevMan 5.4 for quantitative analysis. Results: For this review, 8 randomized controlled trials of 369 patients with chronic pain were selected for PNE. A systematic review and meta-analysis also included 8 randomized controlled trials. The effect on kinesiophobia was more effective than the control group (-0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.22 to -0.51; heterogeneity [χ²=21.18, df=7, I²=67%]; overall effect [Z=4.80]). In addition, the effect on pain was more effective than the control group (-0.53; 95% CI, -1.05 to -0.01; heterogeneity [χ²=47.42, df=7, I²=85%]; overall effect [Z=2.01]). Conclusions: The results of this review suggest that PNE and combined PNE have a positive effect on the improvement of pain and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic pain.