• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.314-318
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• 1998

An establishment of effective control measures to PRRSV infection in swine industry depends on a sensitive and specific diagnosis to detect either viral antigen and/or antibodies to PRRSV. Several diagnostic methods are available to detect antibodies against PRRSV, including IPMA, IFA and ELISA tests have been successfully developed. Sensitivity of the indirect immunofluorescent assay in MA-104 cells using Korean field isolate PL96-1 was superior to that of VR-2332 and field isolate PL96-2. Sensitivity and specificity of the IFA test with PL96-1 were comparable to those of commercial ELISA test kit but ELISA test was more sensitive for the detection of declining antibodies to PRRSV in finishing pigs. In this study we concluded that IFA and ELISA test could be utilized to detect antibodies to PRRSV and the results generated from these two tests were comparable and there were no significant difference between these two tests.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.133-147
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• 1976

1. The purpose of this study is to provide a series of statistical "bench marks" from which one can begin to think systematically about the required development of the Korean food and fertilizer needs over the next quarter-century. 2. The Korean population has been estimated by the characteristics of the population and its social and political situations today. Because fertility and mortality rates are relatively stable and are under control of politics concerned, the estimation rates were established with 1.6% over 1975-1980, 1.3% over 1981-1990, and 1.0% over 1991-2000. 3. Annual per capita absorption of milled rice has fluctuated rather closely around 140kg, since 1968, with no evidence of declining trend. Per capita absorption of barley and wheat around 120 kg, and legumes around 10.6kg, However because the case of wheat and corn productions are rather difficult the self-sufficiency in the future, the rice is considered to be accelerate its yield growth surplus the level of self-sufficiency to export. 4. The fertilizer demand in each element has been calculated by mechanical multiplication of "the recommend index of fetilizer application" to yield a unit production over the need of national food supply by crop year. 5. As a results refer to Table (8), the estimated quantities of total fertilizer demand to meet the national food supply of the years of 1974, 1980, 1985, 1.990, 1995, and 2000 are reached around 871500, 1138150, 1375480, 1515030, 1652090 and 1799850 metric tons in each year.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2018

In Botswana, mopane worms are widely harvested for household consumption. They are also traded for income generation. Urban based entrepreneurs' source mopane worms from rural areas to sell. The price of sourcing mopane worms from the harvesters has increased quite incredibly in villages. However, there is dearth of academic studies on the commercialisation of mopane worms in Botswana. This paper uses primary data collected from multiple sources to investigate the factors influencing the prices of mopane worms. Data collection involved administration of questionnaires to purposively selected harvesters in four campsites in the Central District, focus group discussions at each campsite and key informant interviews. The results show that there is declining population of mopane worms. The decline is attributable to such factors as over-harvesting and climate change which are the main factors influencing the price of mopane worms. In addition to physical scarcity of mopane worms, institutional weaknesses exist in the study area. The Agricultural Resources Conservation Act is ineffective and the majority of the harvesters are unaware of its existences. It is recommended that the regulations on the harvesting of mopane worms be reviewed. In order to benefit harvesters, mopane worms should be processed to add diversified economic value to rural communities.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.127-144
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• 2013

The low birth rate in Korea reflects the declining desire to have children in this country due to rising emphasis on personal lifestyle. Since this phenomenon has accelerated, boosting the birth rate has become one of the most important policy tasks in Korea. The purpose of this research was to perform a case study based on women's lived experience to understand how the childbirth encouragement policy promoted by the government in order to boost the birth rate has affected the perception of childbirth among women. The findings are as follows : First, the effect of the childbirth encouragement policy on women's perceptions has been fairly low. Second, the social environment for encouraging childbirth is inadequate. Third, the economic burdens associated with childbirth and child care are still significant. Finally, the impact of the childbirth encouragement policy on changes in the perceptions of childbirth has been minimal. Based on these findings, various motivations for changes in the perceptions of childbirth among women were identified, leading to the following conclusion: Establishing a long-term childbirth encouragement policy is an effective way to boost the childbirth rate.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2007

Previous studies showed that traditional attitudes toward consumer credit and the accumulation of debtare declining, especially among younger life stage groups. The social stigma of high debt levels has largely gone. However, only a few researchers have studied and changes in consumers' attitudes toward credit and its determinants. This study investigates factors related to the probability of respondents having favorable or unfavorable attitudes using the 1992-2004 U.S. Surveys of Consumer Finances. A logistic analysis was used since the dependent variables were binary. All other things equal, respondents in 1995, 1998, 2001 and 2004 were significantly less likely to have favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward credit than otherwise similar respondents in 1992, but the patterns did not correspond well to the changes in the bankruptcy rate. Black and Hispanic respondents were more likely to have favorable attitudes and less likely to have unfavorable attitudes than were otherwise similar white respondents, but those in the Other group, mostly Asians, were not significantly different from whites. Respondents with college degrees were less likely to have a positive attitude and more likely to have a negative attitude than those without a college degree. Respondents who took risks with investments were more likely to have a positive attitude and less likely to have a negative attitude than those unwilling to take risks. Implications for understanding of credit use are discussed. This publication was made possible by a generous grant from the NASD Investor Education Foundation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 1988

The transportations of most of cargoes in world trade have been fulfilled through sea lanes and it seems this trend will not change in near future. Nowadays, inview of the technical aspects of merchant vessels, they are continuously enlarged in hull size and greatly specialized in structure for the cargo spaces and dramatically automatized in navigating, piloting, cargo operating and various other operations, which unavoidably require high technicals in operating the modern merchant vessels. On the contrary to the trend of requiring of operating high technicals, the capabilities of crew on board have been gradually declining in technical competence and their morale for accomplishing their duties on board vessels has greatly falled won compared with that of old days. The above result inevitably brings many problems in operating modern vessels and causes accidents which are avoidable through good competence and high morale of the crew. We intend to analyze the causes of several great sea accident with which it seems some human errors are connected more or less directly or indirectly. We hope that this study could suggest some measures which help to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents by Korean ship's crews.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.55-65
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• 2019

Ganggyeong, a city which is located at riverside of Geum River, played a role to connect the inland cities and the coastal cities through the Geum river waterway. In Chosun dynasty, Ganggyeong was one of the three major markets in Korea, and at the same time, it was one of the two river docks in Korea. However, after the railway was installed in Korea, railroad was more important than waterway in transporting logistics and in 1911 Honam railroad and Ganggyeong railway station was installed. Thus it was necessary to reorganize urban structure of Ganggyeong city from the traditional river-dock city to modern railroad city. In addition, urban infrastructure to prevent flood damage was needed because Ganggyeong suffered from floods and water shortages every year. Therefore, between 1910s and 1930s large-scale social infrastructures including road, water and sewage system, river bank, floodgate was constructed not only to revitalize the declining city but also to prevent flood damage and water shortages that hinder urban development. The installation of urban infrastructure has enabled the urban expansion and development of Ganggyeong city, and it is still served as a basic urban structure.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-168
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• 2013

Objectives Although there have been someone who pointed out declining tendency of pure traditional diagnosis, there are no objective survey results on present state of diagnosis among Korean Medicine Doctors (KMDs). So we did a descriptive survey study to show traditional diagnostic modality usage among them. Materials and methods: 73 samples of responded questionnaire in Busan area were collected and descriptively studied. Results (1) U code (in KCD-6) usage showed low level (28.7%). (2) Diagnostic apparatuses for traditional medicine are rarely used. For example, pulse diagnosis machine was reported to be used only by 9.7 % of KMDs. (3) KMDs still prefer the treatment based on pattern identification and symptomatic therapy rather than treatments based on disease identification of modern biomedicine. Conclusion Overall, the portion of pattern identification is still high among KMDs, some kind of diagnostic methods which support pattern identification showed lack of usage.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2011

Since 1980's, many mines have been closed and abandoned due to the exhaustion of deposits and declining prices of international mineral resources. Because of the lack of post management for these abandoned mines, Farm land and rivers were contaminated with heavy metal ions and sludge. We studied on the solidification/stabilization of heavy metal ions, chromium ions and lead ions, using magnesia-phosphate cement. Magnesia binders were used calcined-magnesia and dead-burned magnesia. Test specimens were prepared by mixing magnesia binder with chromium ions and lead ions and activators. We analyzed the hydrates by reaction between magnesiaphosphate cement and each heavy metal ions by XRD and SEM-EDAX, and analyzed the content of heavy metal ions in the eruption water from the specimens for the solidification and stabilization of heavy metal ions by ICP. The results was shown that calcined magnesia binder is effective in stabilization for chromium ions and dead-burned magnesia binder is effective in stabilization for lead ions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2015

Mangroves are important coastal ecosystems and are located at the inter-tidal zones of tropical and sub-tropical belts. The global mangrove forests are declining dramatically because of the conversion of forests to shrimp farming, over-exploitation, pollution and freshwater diversion. The Bangladesh Forest Department initiated mangrove afforestation throughout the coastal belts of Bangladesh in 1966 to provide better protection for the coastal communities. Up to 1990, 120,000 ha of mangroves had been planted and it is one of the largest coastal afforestaton programs in the world. The objective of this study is to exploit the spatial extent of mangrove plantation and their dynamics of changes over the last two decades using multispectral Landsat imagery. The study area covers the coastal areas of Bangladesh that is extended over the eastern part of Sundarbans up to Teknaf, the southern tip of mainland Bangladesh. Mangrove plantations were interpreted visually on computer screen and interactive delineation of forest boundary was done. The mangrove plantation area has been estimated as 32,725, 47,636 and 43,166 ha for the year of 1989, 2000 and 2010, respectively. Mangrove deforestation by human activity has increased almost six times in the recent decade in comparison to the previous one. The mangrove forest loss due to coastal erosion has slightly declined in the 2000s. Mangroves have been lost primarily because of agricultural expansion. The result of this investigation will be helpful to understand the dynamics of mangrove plantation and the main drivers of changes in this coastal ecosystem.