• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2014

This paper investigates the robustness of watermarking techniques for stereo or multi-view images generated from texture and depth images. A three-dimensional (3D) warping technique is applied to texture and depth images to generate stereo or multi-view images for a 3D display. By using the 3D warping technique, in this paper, we developed watermarking techniques and evaluated the robustness of these techniques that can extract watermarks from texture images even when the viewpoints are moved. A depth image is used to generate a stereo image with the largest viewpoint difference to the left and right. The overlapping region in the stereo image that does not disappear after warping is then obtained, and DWT is applied to this region to embed a watermark in the LL sub-band. The proposed watermarking techniques were found to yield bit error rates of about 3%-16% when they were applied to stereo images generated from texture and depth images. Furthermore, the results showed that the copyright could be seen when the extracted watermark was visually confirmed.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.121-145
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• 2001

Chip Size Packages (CSP) are now widely used in high speed DRAM. The major driving farce of CSP development is its superior electrical performance than that of conventional package. However, the power dissipation of high speed DRAM like DDR or RAMBUS DRAM chip reaches up to near 2W. This fact makes the thermal management methods in DRAM package be more carefully considered. In this study, the thermal performances of 3 type CSPs named $\mu-BGA$^{TM}$$ $UltraCSP^{TM}$ and OmegaCSP$^{TM}$ were measured under the JEDEC specifications and their thermal characteristics were of a simulation model utilizing CFD and FEM code. The results show that there is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement within Max. 10% of $\circledM_{ja}$. And they show the wafer level CSPs have a superior thermal performance than that of $\mu-BGA.$ Especially the analysis results show that the thermal performance of wafer level CSPs are excellent fur modulo level in real operational mode without any heat sink.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2023

Korean native ducks (KNDs) continue to have a high preference from consumers due to their excellent meat quality and taste characteristics. However, due to low productivity and fixed plumage color phenotype, it could not secure a large share in the domestic market compared to imported species. In order to improve the market share of KNDs, the genetic characteristics of the breed should be identified and used for improvement and selection. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the genetic information of colored and white KNDs using next-generation resequencing data and screening for differences between the two groups. As a result of the analysis, the genetic variants that showed significant differences between the colored and white KND groups were mainly identified as mutations related to tyrosine activity. The variants were located in the genes that affect melanin synthesis and regulation, such as EGFR, PDGFRA, and DDR2, and these were reported as the candidate genes related to plumage pigmentation in poultry. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be useful as a basis for understanding and utilizing the genetic characteristics of KNDs for genetic improvement and selection of white broiler KNDs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2020

Background: Helicobacter pylori increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. DNA damage activates DNA damage response (DDR) which includes ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) activation. ATM increases alternative reading frame (ARF) but decreases mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2). Because p53 interacts with Mdm2, H. pylori-induced loss of Mdm2 stabilizes p53 and induces apoptosis. Previous study showed that Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRG) reduces ROS and prevents cell death in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Methods: We determined whether KRG inhibits apoptosis by suppressing DDRs and apoptotic indices in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. The infected cells were treated with or without KRG or an ATM kinase inhibitor KU-55933. ROS levels, apoptotic indices (cell death, DNA fragmentation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity) and DDRs (activation and levels of ATM, checkpoint kinase 2, Mdm2, ARF, and p53) were determined. Results: H. pylori induced apoptosis by increasing apoptotic indices and ROS levels. H. pylori activated DDRs (increased p-ATM, p-checkpoint kinase 2, ARF, p-p53, and p53, but decreased Mdm2) in gastric epithelial cells. KRG reduced ROS and inhibited increase in apoptotic indices and DDRs in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. KU-55933 suppressed DDRs and apoptosis in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells, similar to KRG. Conclusion: KRG suppressed ATM-mediated DDRs and apoptosis by reducing ROS in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Supplementation with KRG may prevent the oxidative stress-mediated gastric impairment associated with H. pylori infection.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

Cardiac fibroblasts constitute one of the largest cell populations in the heart, and contribute to structural, biochemical, mechanical and electrical properties of the myocardium. Nonetheless, their cardiac functions, especially electrophysiological properties, have often been disregarded in studies. $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+\;(K_{Ca})$ channels can control $Ca^{2+}$ influx as well as a number of $Ca^{2+}$-dependent physiological processes. We, therefore, attempted to identify and characterize $K_{Ca}$ channels in rat Cardiac fibroblasts. First, we showed that the cells cultured from the rat ventricle were cardiac fibroblasts by immunostaining for discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR-2), a specific fibroblast marker. Secondly, we detected the expression of various $K_{Ca}$ channels by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and found all three family members of $K_{Ca}$ channels, including large conductance $K_{Ca}$ (BK-${\alpha}1-\;and\;-{\beta}1{\sim}4$subunits), intermediate conductance $K_{Ca}$ (IK), and small conductance $K_{Ca}$ (SK$1{\sim}4$ subunits) channels. Thirdly, we recorded BK, IK, and SK channels by whole cell mode patch clamp technique using their specific blockers. Finally, we performed cell proliferation assay to evaluate the effects of the channels on cell proliferation, and found that the inhibition of IK channel increased the cell proliferation. These results showed the existence of BK, IK, and SK channels in rat ventricular fibroblasts and involvement of IK channel in cell proliferation.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.234-240
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• 2017

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, for which smoking is considered as the primary risk factor. The present study was conducted to determine whether genetic alterations induced by radon exposure are associated with the susceptible risk of lung cancer in never smokers. Methods: To accurately identify mutations within individual tumors, next generation sequencing was conduct for 19 pairs of lung cancer tissue. The associations of germline and somatic variations with radon exposure were visualized using OncoPrint and heatmap graphs. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using various tools. Results: Alterations in several genes were implicated in lung cancer resulting from exposure to radon indoors, namely those in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tumor protein p53 (TP53), NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2.1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7), discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2), lysine methyltransferase 2C (MLL3), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5 (CHD5), FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1), and dual specificity phosphatase 27 (putative) (DUSP27). Conclusions: While these genes might regulate the carcinogenic pathways of radioactivity, further analysis is needed to determine whether the genes are indeed completely responsible for causing lung cancer in never smokers exposed to residential radon.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.54-61
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• 2016

A 6-Gbps single-ended receiver with a linear equalizer and a self-reference generator is proposed for a high-speed interface with the double data rate. The proposed single-ended receiver uses a common gate amplifier to increase a voltage gain for an input signal with low voltage level. The continuous-time linear equalizer which reduces gain to the low frequencies and achieves high-frequency peaking gain is implemented in the common gate amplifier. Furthermore, a self-reference generator, which is controlled with the resolution 2.1 mV using digital averaging method, is implemented to maximize the voltage margin by removing the offset noise of the common gate amplifier. The proposed single-ended receiver is designed using a 65-nm CMOS process with 1.2-V supply and consumes the power of 15 mW at the data rate of 6 Gbps. The peaking gain in the frequency of 3 GHz of the designed equalizer is more than 5 dB compared to that in the low frequency.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2007

To improve low sense margin at low voltage, we propose a negatively driven sensing (NDS) scheme and to solve the problem of WL-to-BL short leakage fail, a variable bitline reference scheme with free-level precharged bitline (FLPB) scheme is adopted. The influence of the threshold voltage offset of NMOS and PMOS transistors in a latch type sense amplifier is very important factor these days. From evaluating the sense amplifier offset voltage distribution of NMOS and PMOS, it is well known that PMOS has larger distribution in threshold voltage variation than that of NMOS. The negatively-driven sensing (NDS) scheme enhances the NMOS amplifying ability. The offset voltage distribution is overcome by NMOS activation with NDS scheme first and PMOS activation followed by time delay. The sense amplifier takes a negative voltage during the sensing and amplifying period. The negative voltage of NDS scheme is about -0.3V to -0.6V. The performance of the NDS scheme for DRAM at the gigabit level has been verified through its realization on 1-Gb DDR2 DRAM chip.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.815-821
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• 2016

Background: Development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves formation of double strand breaks (DSBs) which are initially sensed by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signal kinase to induce a DNA damage response (DDR). Mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms in ATM gene are known to influence the signaling capacity resulting in susceptibility to certain genetic diseases such as cancers. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we have analyzed -5144A>T (rs228589) and C4138T (rs3092856) polymorphisms of theATM gene through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 925 subjects (476 CML cases and 449 controls). Results: The A allele of -5144A>T polymorphism and T allele of C4138T polymorphism which were known to be influencing ATM signaling capacity are significantly associated with enhanced risk for CML independently and also in combination (evident from the haplotype and diplotype analyses). Significant elevation in the frequencies of both the risk alleles among high risk groups under European Treatment and Outcome Study (EUTOS) score suggests the possible role of these polymorphisms in predicting the prognosis of CML patients. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of association of functional ATM gene polymorphisms with the increased risk of CML development as well as progression.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.9 s.339
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• pp.29-34
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• 2005

This paper describes a novel internal clock generator, called duty cycle-corrected analog synchronous mirror delay (DCC-ASMD). The proposed circuit is well suited for dual edge-triggered systems such as double data-rate synchronous DRAM since it can achieve clock synchronization within two clock cycles with accurate duty cycle correction. To evaluate the performance of the proposed circuit, DCC-ASMD was designed using a $0.35\mu$m CMOS process technology. Simulation results show that the proposed circuit generates an internal clock having $50\%$ duty ratio within two clock cycles from the external clock having duty ratio range of $40\;\~\;60$.