• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2005

This research was conducted to determine the actual condition of obesity and obese students' total cholesterol. blood glucose and blood pressure, and to analyze the relationship between the obesity rate and total cholesterol. blood glucose and blood pressure among the students at 7 middle schools in A city in Kyoung ki-do. The results were as follows: 1. Among 12,148 student participants in this investigation. students of normal weight range were $91.5\%$ and obese students were $8.5\%$, breaking down to mildly obese of $4.3\%$ $(boys,\;5.4\%;\;girls,\;3.0\%)$. moderately obese of $3.4\% (boys,\;4.6\%;\;girls,\;2.1\%)$ and severely obese of $0.7\%(boys,\;0.9\%;\;girls,\;0.5\%)$, The gender difference was statistically significant $(x^2=111.5830. p=.0001). 2. To analyze the 1.027 obese students. the average of total cholesterol was 166.9mg/dl, 171.0mg/dl and 182.1mg/dl in the mild, moderate and severe obesity groups, respectively. The results became more significant with increasing obesity rate (F=10.06, p=.0001). The average of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 121.9mmHg, 123.2mm, and 127.5mm, respectively. The results became more significant with increasing obesity rate (F=6.29, p=.0019). The average of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 74.4mmHg. 76.0mmHg. and 78.4mmHg, respectively. The results became more significant with increasing obesity rate (F=8.15. p=.0003). The average of blood glucose was 83.3mg/dl, 84.5mg/dl, and 82.3mg/dl, respectively. There was no significant difference with obesity rate. 3. There were significant correlations between obesity rate and cholesterol(r=.11288, p=.0003), between obesity rate and DBP(r=.14209, p=.000l). and between obesity rate and SBP(r=.14081. p=.0001). However, there was no significant correlation between obesity rate and blood glucose (r=.00655, p=.8339).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2020

High blood pressure (HTN) is a condition in which blood pressure is kept higher than normal. Blood pressure trait measures systolic blood pressure (SBP) which is the highest pressure and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) which is the lowest blood pressure. Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension is known as a disease caused by the interaction of the environment and genetic factors. To date, studies have been conducted to find genes associated with hypertension. Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) analysis using European data from the UK Biobank reported new 535 loci were associated with blood pressure trait. Among them, 12 genes have been reported to have a significant correlation with SBP, DBP and PP. In the study, 12 genes polymorphisms were extracted based on KARE (Korean association resource) and then we performed linear regression of blood pressure trait. As a result, 6 SNPs of the 3 genes (rs12355413 and rs11006736 of ARMC4, rs2290883, rs2290884 and rs11039014 of LRP4, rs7234941 of BCL2) showed statistically significant correlation (P<0.05) with blood pressure trait. Of the 3 genes, 6 SNPs in 2 genes (rs9651357, rs12355413, rs11006736, rs1889522 of ARMC4 and rs4987774, rs7234941 of BCL2) showed significant correlation with hypertension. These results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of ARMC4, LRP4 and BCL2 genes are associated with blood pressure traits and hypertension in Korean population. Moreover, we expected to help understand the pathogenesis of hypertension.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2015

Objectives: The present study evaluated the effects of sa-am acupuncture (SAA) simpo-jeongkyeok (SPJK) treatment on the blood pressure (BP), pulse rate (PR), and body temperature (BT) of patients with hwa byung (HB). Methods: This patient assessor blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial included 50 volunteers, divided randomly into two groups. The treatment group underwent SPJK (PC9, LR1, PC3, KI10) while the control (sham) group received minimal needle insertion at non acupoints. The BP in both arms, PR, and BT at several acupoints were measured before and after treatment at the $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, and $4^{th}$ visits and before treatment at the follow-up visit. We analyzed data by using the repeated measured analysis of variance (RM ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U, and wilcoxon signed rank tests; differences at P < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: No significant differences in the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and PR between the treatment and control group were observed at each visit. However, the decrease in the SBP for the treatment group before and after each visit was significantly higher than it was in the control group. The SBP in both arms in the treatment group was decreased between visits 1 and 2, 1 and 3, 1 and 4, and 1 and follow-up. The DBP in both arms and in the right arm between visits 1 and 3 in the treatment group showed decreases. A minimal BT increase for treatment at CV06 and CV12 and a minimal BT decrease for treatment at CV17 and (Ex) Yintang were found. Patients in the treatment group who visited more frequently experienced a greater decrease in the PR, but that effect was not maintained. Conclusion: The results suggest that SAA SPJK treatment has instant positive effects on the BP, PR, and BT in patients with HB, but the effects on the BP and PR are not maintained.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the relationships among blood lipid levels, nutrient intakes, oxidation and inflammation markers of overweight adults(23$\leq$BMI<25) and obese(BMI$\geq$25) in Korea. The subjects were classified as control, borderline hyperlipidemia. and hyperlipidemia groups based on The Korean Guidelines of Hyperlipidemia Treatment for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis. The study was conducted through questionnaires, anthropometric checkups, 2-days of 24 hr recalls, and blood biomarker analyses. Systolic blood pressure(SBP) was significantly increased in the hyperlipidemia group(p=0.0464). Intakes of nutrients were not significantly different among the three groups. Blood oxidized-LDL levels were significantly increased in the hyperlipidemia group(p<0.0001). Blood triglyceride(TG) levels were positively associated with BMI(p=0.0498), SBP(p=0.0158), and diastolic blood pressure(DBP; p=0.0076). Blood total cholesterol levels were positively associated with SBP(p=0.0005), and blood HDL-cholesterol levels were negatively associated with body fat (p=0.0408). Blood LDL-cholesterol levels were negatively associated with height(p=0.0207), and blood VLDL-cholesterol levels were positively associated with SBP(p=0.0011) and DBP(p=0.0490). Intakes of protein(p=0.0257) and dietary fiber (p=0.0094) were positively associated with blood HDL-cholesterol levels. Frap levels were positively associated with TG levels(p=0.0001) and VLDL-cholesterol levels(p=0.0077). Oxidized-LDL levels were positively associated with LDL-cholesterol levels(p=0.0135). These results suggest that oxidation and inflammation markers may be related to hypercholesterolemia progress, and dietary fiber intake may play a role in preventing hyperlipidemia in overweight and obese adults.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.209-215
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• 2019

The most important personal health care in digital health care is a very important issue mainly for chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple wearable device for real-time health management. Existing blood pressure estimation wearable devices use PPG characteristics to analyze PTT and propose blood pressure estimation algorithms. However, the influencing factors of the algorithm such as the reproducibility of PPG, whether to apply various PTTs, and variables generated from the physical differences of the measurers are actually very complex. Therefore, in this study, the correlation between PTT, SBP, and DBP was analyzed, and it was designed to use PPG sensors for device miniaturization. The blood pressure estimation algorithm took into account differences in PPG, heart rate, and personal variables.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1150-1167
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect reducing blood pressure (BP) using Xuefuzhuyu Decoction (XFZYD) in adults with essential hypertension (EH). Method: Search engine, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, J-STAGE, CiNii, CNKI, OASIS, NDSL, KISS, RISS, and DBpia, were used. The search period was from the beginning of the search engine to June 30, 2018 and there were no limits regarding languages. The selection and extraction of literatures were performed independently by two authors. Meta-analysis was done on the total effective rate (TER), Systolic BP (SBP) and Diastolic BP (DBP). Cochrane's risk of bias (ROB) was used as the methodological quality assessment scale. Results: Twenty studies were finally selected. We observed that a combination treatment using XFZYD and an antihypertensive drug (AHD) was 5.1 times more effective in lowering BP than using AHD alone on TER. The mean differences in SBP and DBP were -10.65 mmHg (95% Confidential Interval (CI) -13.55 mmHg, -7.74 mmHg, P<0.00001), -5.92 mmHg (95% CI -7.14, -4.38, P<0.00001), respectively. Conclusion: A combination treatment using XFZYD and AHD may be more effective in reducing BP than using AHD alone. Because of the poor methodological quality of the studies conducted thus far, high-quality clinical trials will be required in the future.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.118-127
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• 2018

The safety and efficacy of fimasartan have been evaluated through post-marketing surveillance in real world clinical practice. The multi-center, prospective, open-label and non-interventional study. A total of 3,945 patients (3,729 patients for safety assessment and 3,473 patients for efficacy assessment) were screened in patients with essential hypertension in 89 study centers from 9 September 2010 through 8 September 2016. Among the total patients, 2,893 patients (77.6%) were administered fimasartan for 24 weeks or longer and were classified as 'patients with long-term follow-up', and the additional safety and efficacy analysis were performed. The improvement was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) controlled to ${\leq}140mmHg$ or decreased SBP differences ${\geq}20mmHg$ after treatment or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) controlled to ${\leq}90mmHg$ or decreased DBP differences ${\geq}10mmHg$ after treatment. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 3.8% patients; dizziness, and hypotension were the most frequently reported ADRs in total patients. The results of patients with long-term follow-up were comparable with total patients. The overall improvement rate in all efficacy assessment at the last visit was 87.1% (3,025/3,473 patients). The overall improvement rate of the patients with long-term follow-up was 88.9%. Fimasartan was well tolerated, with no new safety concerns identified and an effective treatment in the real world clinical practice for Korean patients with hypertension.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was performed to analyze the levels of blood pressure and to identify good or poor blood pressure control (BPC) groups among hypertension patients. The study was based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI and VII) conducted from 2013 to 2016. Methods: The sociodemographic and clinical data of 4,151 Korean hypertension patients aged 20-79 years and who were taking antihypertensive medications was extracted from the KNHANES VI and VII database. Descriptive statistics for complex samples and a decision-tree analysis were performed using the SPSS WIN 24.0 program. Results: The mean age was $62.46{\pm}0.21years$. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was $128.07{\pm}0.28mmHg$, and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was $76.99{\pm}0.21mmHg$. 71.9% of participants showed normal blood pressure (SBP < 140mmHg and DBP < 90mmHg). From the decisiontrees analysis, the characteristics of participants related to good BPC group were presented with 9 different pathways same as those from the poor BPC group. Good or poor BPC groups were classified according to the patients' characteristics such as age, living status, occupation, education, hypertension diagnosis period, numbers of comorbidity, perceived health status, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, alcohol drinking per month, and depressive mood. Total cholesterol level (< 201mg/dL or ${\geq}201mg/dL$ cutoff point) was the most significant predictor of the participants' BPC group. Conclusion: This decision-tree model with the 18 different pathways can form a basis for the screening of hypertension patients with good or poor BPC in either clinical or community settings.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a pre-hospital subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) prediction tool by analyzing the extant predictive factors of patients with non-traumatic SAH who visited the hospital through the 119 emergency medical services. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed pre-hospital care reports (PCRs) and electronic medical records (EMRs) of 103 patients with non-traumatic SAH who were transported to the emergency department of two national hospitals via the 119 emergency medical service from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020. Variables required to apply the Ottawa SAH Rule and EMERALD SAH Rule, which are early prediction tools for SAH, were extracted and applied. Results: The most common symptoms-which were found in 94.1% and 97.0% of all patients according to PCRs and EMRs, respectively-appeared in the following order: headache, altered state of consciousness, and nausea/vomiting. When the variables used for the EMERALD Rule, namely systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and blood sugar test (BST), were applied, the sensitivities of EMR and PCRs were 99.9% and 92.2%, respectively. Conclusion: For the timely prediction of SAH at the pre-hospital phase, patient age and symptoms should be assessed, and SBP, DBP, and BST should be measured to transport the patient to an appropriate hospital.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2023

Objectives: Cucumis sativus L. (C. sativus) is vegetable commonly used for managing blood pressure and often consumed in combination with standard antihypertensive therapy, despite lack of scientific evidence supporting their use. Combination of herbs and standard medication could have positive or negative effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of C. sativus and the combined effect with losartan in the hypertensive rat model induced by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that, upon binding to its receptor, constricts blood vessels leading to elevation of blood pressure. Methods: In an antihypertensive study, rats received C. sativus orally at doses of 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg (full dose); while in a combination study, animals received losartan 2.25 mg/kg combined by either with C. sativus 9 or 18 mg/kg. The standards group received losartan 2.25 mg/kg or 4.5 mg/kg (full dose). Results: Blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method. C. sativus significantly attenuated angiotensin II-induced hypertension as observed in groups receiving C. sativus at 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg at 30 minutes after induction showed the average change (Δ) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with respect to time zero were 28.8/18.3, 24.8/15.8, 22.8/15.5, and 11.5/9.0 mmHg, respectively. Whereas the average change (Δ) of SBP and DBP in the rats receiving the combination of half doses of C. sativus and losartan were 8.8/9.0 mmHg, respectively. These diminished effects were better than a full dose of C. sativus and comparable with a full dose of losartan (6.5/7.8 mmHg). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that C. sativus dose-dependently blocks blood pressure elevation induced by angiotensin II. The combination of half dose of C. sativus and losartan has an additive effect in lowering blood pressure.