• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2002

Four kinds of kalosaponins from inner bark of Kalopanax pictus Nakai as a medicinal and edible timber tree species growing in Korea was analyzed by HPLC. A considerable range of variation in the contents was observed among population. The kalosaponins contents in inner bark from each population were the highest in the Mt. Barwang (30.37 mg/g on the dry weight basis) followed by Mt. Gariwang, Hanra II, Mangun, Paltan, and Hanra II population. Growth factors that might have influenced the contents of the kalosaponins were also examined. As both analysis results of partial correlation and multiple regression, the weight of inner bark and tree age were influenced the kalosaponin O contents. The kalosaponin B contents was influenced by both the weight of inner layer bark and annual mean DBH increment. The contents of kalosaponins appeared to be closely related to the inner bark characteristics.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop growth model and to estimate carbon storage of Quercus variablis stands. The study sites were located in the Yangpyeong and Gangneung regions. A total of 30 sample trees were harvested for data collection. According to the results of the application of Chapman-Richards model in this study, the coefficient of determination($R^2$) for the DBH-height model in Yangpyeong region was 97% while 94% in Gangneung regions. For the age-height relationship, the $R^2$ in Yangpyeong regions was 99% while 94% in Gangneung regions. The total carbon stored in Yangpyeong region was $83.0Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ while $137.3Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in Gangneung.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.193-205
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• 2021

The importance of forests and trees in climate change mitigation and soil nutrient cycling cannot be overemphasized. This study assessed the above-ground carbon stock of two exotic and two indigenous tree species - Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Khaya grandifoliola and Nauclea diderrichii and their litter impact on soil nutrient content of an arboretum within the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Data were collected from equal sample plots from the four species' compartments. Tree growth variables including total height, diameter at breast height, crown height, crown diameter and merchantable height were measured for the estimation of above-ground carbon stock. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm from each compartment and analyzed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, pH, Manganese, Iron, Copper and Zinc. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference (p<0.05) in the carbon contents of the four species and the soil nutrient contents of the different species' compartments. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationships between the carbon contents, growth parameters and soil parameters. The highest and lowest carbon stock per hectare was observed for G. arborea (151.52 t.ha^-1) and K. grandifoliola (45.45 t.ha^-1) respectively. Cation exchange capacity and base saturation were highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and K. grandifoliola respectively. The pH was highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and T. grandis respectively. Carbon stock correlated positively with dbh, crown diameter, merchantable height and Zn and negatively with base saturation. The study revealed that G. arborea and N. diderrichii can effectively be used for reforestation and afforestation programmes aimed at climate change mitigation across Nigeria. Therefore, policies to encourage and enhance their planting should be encouraged.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to survey structures and growth conditions of Pinus densiflora village groves, and to establish management strategies for their desirable growth and conservation. Twelve village groves were selected in western Gangwon province for the study. The age of the study groves ranged from 50 to 200 years. Average dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of trees for each study grove were 27~52cm and 0.5~9.3 trees/$100m^2$, respectively. Soil environments were favorable to Pinus densiflora growth in the majority of the study groves, but 2 study groves with sandy soils showed considerably poor nutrient contents. Low tree vitality was found in some of the study groves due to poor conditions of root growth from soil fill and trampling. There were detachment of cambial tissue and damage of stem cavity at 6 study groves, which were caused by artificial injury, careless pruning, and frost damage. Light disease damage by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii and phomopsis blight were found at 6 study groves. Light pest damage by Thecodiplosis japonensis was also found at 6 study groves, but the pest damage at 2 study groves was relatively considerable. Thus, major factors limiting normal growth of Pinus densiflora village groves were infertility, soil fill and trampling, stem damage, and disease and pest. Desirable management strategies were explored to solve growth-related problems and to conserve the study groves. The management strategies included fertilization of organic matter and lime, removal of soil fill, soil plowing and graveling, wood-trail installation or woodchip mulching, supply of wood fences and protective frames, surgical operation for damaged stems, vitality enhancement, and trunk injection to improve growth environments or control stem damage and disease/pest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.742-749
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to develop thinning effect analysis model (TEAM) using individual-tree distance-independent growth model of Pinus koraiensis Stands. The TEAM was designed to analyze thinning effects associated with such thinning prescriptions as the number, timing, intensity, and method of thinnings. To testing TEAM application, stand growth effects were compared with seven scenarios according to thinning prescription plan. In the results, it was possible to estimate the number of trees, height, volume with diameter (DBH) class of individual trees, and average diameter growth, height growth, the number of trees and volume growth per ha of stands. The result of sensitivity analysis on one Pinus koraiensis stand, it was not sure to expect the much more volume at the rotation age by stand density control applying thinning prescription. In the case of thinning, total yield volume has much more $40{\sim}75m^3$ per ha, within 5 cm in average diameter growth and within 1 m in average height growth than thats of non-thinning over increasing stand age. TEAM, as decision making support system, can be used for selecting the thinning prescription trial and determining one of some thinning prescription plan in different site specific stand environments.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

This study looked into the change of tree growth of seven forest growth monitoring plots which were set up at the Undulyeong Hongchungun Kangwondo, and was accomplished to offer the basic data for the forest administration calculating carbon storage and removal in the Undulyeong area. Annual height and DBH growth were slowly progressed in the Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stand which was young stand, but the growth rate of the other stands was lower than those young stand. The diameter class of the mixed forest and Qurcus mongilica stand was predicted to be similar to the now and Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stand was predicted to move now diameter class to the high diameter class because thickening growth speed of the those stands were rapid. Now the end of 2003, total carbon storage of the Undulyeong model forest increased 149,000TC$(2.7\%)$ compared with the previous year. Seeing by forest types, occupied broad-leaved forest$(50\%)$, mixed forest$(34\%)$ and coniferous forest. During in 2003, total carbon which was removed and stored according to growth of the forest was 156,813TC and net carbon removal(148,664TC) increased into 2,613TC$(1.8\%)$ compared with the previous year. Seeing by forest types, occupied coniferous forest$(3.3\%)$, mixed forest$(3.1\%)$, broad-leaved forest$(2.8\%)$. Resultingly, the Undulyeong model forest is acting to net removal resource when see as green-gas side and net carbon removal are showing the tendency to increase recently little by little.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 2024

To analyse the relationship between above-ground carbon stocks, species diversity and broadleaved forests structural diversity of South Korean forests, we collected vegetation inventories from environmental impact assessment projects over the past 10 years. The available data were selected and organised including tree species, DBH and area each projects. The data was classified by forest type, aboveground carbon stocks were calculated and compared, and the correlation between aboveground carbon stocks and biodiversity and structural diversity was analysed. The results showed that above-ground carbon stocks were higher in mixed forests and broadleaved forests and lower in needleleaved forests, similar to previous studies. However aboveground carbon stocks of mixed forests were higher in natural forests than in plantations. Aboveground carbon stocks in broadleaved forests were higher in plantations than natural forests, and there was no statistical different of between natural and plantations in needleleaved forest. This could be the result of a variety influences including biological and environmental factors in the study area, and further research is needed to analyse the effects on carbon sequestration. Correlation analysis showed no correlation between biodiversity and above-ground carbon stocks, but a positive correlation between structural diversity and above-ground carbon stocks. This indicates that above-ground carbon stocks in forests are associated with unevenness diameters and the proportion and evenness of tree species by diameter. In addition, it has been analysed that the high succession stages in forest have higher species diversity and structural diversity, and greater efficiency in the utilization of resources required for plant growth, leading to increased plant productivity and storage. Considering that the study sites were young forests with an average DBH of 14.8~23.7 cm, it is expected that carbon stocks will increase as biodiversity and structural diversity increase. Further research is needed to develop techniques to quantitatively assess the relationship of diversity to carbon stocks for policy use in assessing and increasing carbon stocks in forests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study was designed to come up with a way of managing a cultural landscape forest by conducting research on the vegetation structure and growth characteristics. This study's target site, which was 45,201㎡ in size, was Pinus densiflora forest for Sugumagi placed at the entrance of Unmun Temple, Sinwon-ri, Unmun-myeon, and Cheongdo-gun in the southernmost part of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sugumagi means the water of the valley flows far away, and where no downstream is visible according to feng shui. The historical sources of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple isn't clear. It waw only found at that location. The Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple is located in the waterway in terms of Feng Shui. The present condition of growth was investigated through a grid surveys of 98 trees and Pinus densiflora growth. As a result of the analysis of growth status, Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, and Rhus javanica were distributed in the conopy layer, and 28 species including Ailanthus altissima were grown in the understroy layer, and 92 species, including Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, in the shrub layer. The plant community structure was divided into low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests in the study area, based on the number in the conopy layer and the grade of and the trees analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the Pinus densiflora dominated the low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests, and there were no competitive species. The relative dominance of the low-density Pinus densiflora forests was 46.9% on average, medium-density was 62.6% and 50.2% was found in high-density. The mean species diversity of Shannon in the low-density study was 0.7055, medium-density study was 0.8966 and the average species diversity of Shannon in the high-density study was 0.8317. The analysis of the age and growth of 25 sample trees in the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest shows that the distribution of the chest diameter (DBH) of the sample Pinus densiflora is 38 to 77cm with the average chest diameter being 61.1cm. The age was 84-161 years and the average was 114 years. In the Pinus densiflora forest, most(670,659, or 98.3%) of the tree trunk wound was collected for rosins during the Japanese colonia Era, Of the total 670, 659 were Pinus densiflora, 98.3% of the total. 394 were surgically repaired in 2005. For the preservation of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest, dead trees should be replaced with substitute trees appropriate to the middle and south topography. It is demanded that foreign species such as Larix leptolepis in the research area should be removed and Pinus densiflora that underwent surgical operations should be regularly sterilized. It is also emphasized that the management of insecticide is important.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

This study was established to investigate the site environment of mixed forests in Korea and to estimate the growth and yield of stands using national forest resources inventory data. The growth of mixed forests was derived by applying the Chapman-Richards model with diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and cross-sectional area at breast height (BA), and the yield of mixed forests was derived by applying stepwise regression analysis with factors such as cross-sectional area at breast height, site index (SI), age, and standing tree density per ha. Mixed forests were found to be growing in various locations. By climate zone, more than half of them were distributed in the temperate central region. By altitude, about 62% were distributed at 101-400 m. The fitness indexes (FI) for the growth model of mixed forests, which is the independent variable of stand age, were 0.32 for the DBH estimation, 0.22 for the height estimation, and 0.18 for the basal area at breast height estimation, which were somewhat low. However, considering the graph and residual between the estimated and measured values of the estimation equation, the use of this estimation model is not expected to cause any particular problems. The yield prediction model of mixed forests was derived as follows: Stand volume =-162.6859+6.3434 ∙ BA+9.9214 ∙ SI+0.7271 ∙ Age, which is a step- by-step input of basal area at breast height (BA), site index (SI), and age among several growth factors, and the determination coefficient (R²) of the equation was about 96%. Using our optimal growth and yield prediction model, a makeshift stand yield table was created. This table of mixed forests was also used to derive the rotation of the highest production in volume.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.42-48
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• 2006

This study looked into the change of tree growth of five forest growth monitoring plots which were set up at the Undulyeong Hongchungun Kangwondo, and was accomplished to provide the basic data for the forest management calculating carbon storage and absorption in the Undulyeong area. Annual height and DBH growth were slowly progressed in the Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Pinus densiflora stand which were at young stage, but the growth rates of the other stands were lower than those young stands. The diameter class of the mixed forest and Quercus mongolica and Betala platyphylla stand was predicted to be similar as it is and those of Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stands were predicted to move to the upper diameter classes because of rapid growth rates of the those stands. As in the year 2005, total carbon storage of the Undulyeong model forest was increased by 155,000 TC(2.7%) compared with the previous year. During 2005, total carbon which was absorbed and stored according to growth of the forest was 166,174 TC and net carbon absorption (155,481 TC) increased by 2,736 TC (1.8%) compared with the previous year. Resultingly, the Undulyeong model forest is acting as a net sink and the net carbon absorption rate is slightly increasing recently.