• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.94 no.6
• /
• pp.410-419
• /
• 2005

Community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest of Mt. Yeogwi in Jin-do was investigated to secure sustainable conservation of evergreen broad-leaved forest. Twenty survey plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were established along the elevation from 200 m to 390 m above the sea level in the northwestern slope. The woody species were tallied at each plots. DBH distribution of the major evergreen broad-leaved trees was investigated to find out the spatial distribution. Cluster analysis was applied to a set of vegetation data, that is, importance value to classify the forest community. Species diversity, evenness and species correlation were analysed. Canonical correspondence analysis was also applied to vegetation data and soil environmental data. Cluster analysis showed that the forests of Mt. Yeogwi were classified into 2 community groups, such as Camellia japonica community group and Quercus acuta community group. C japonica community group was subdivided into C japonica- evergreen broad-leaved trees community, C. japonica-Neolitsea sericea community, and C. japonica-deciduous broad-leaved trees community. Q. acuta community group was subdivided into Q. acuta-C. japonica community, and Q. acuta community. C. japonica, Q. acuta, N. sericea, Machilus thunbergii and Illicium religiosum were dominant evergreen broad-leaved tree species, while Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Cornus kousa, Prunus sargentii, Albizzia julibrisin and Quercus acutissima were major deciduous tree species. Species diversity was greater in Q. acuta community group (0.8231 for Q. acuta-C. japonica community, and 0.8135 for Q. acuta community) than in C. japonica community group (0.7674 for C. japonica-evergreen broad-leaved trees community, 0.6164 for C. japonica-N. sericea community, and 0.7931 for C. japonica-deciduous broad-leaved trees community). DBH 2 cm~10 cm of major evergreen broad-leaved trees occupied 80% of all. C. japonica of less than DBH 5 cm tended to aggregate but distribute randomly or regularly with increasing DBH. Q. acuta distributed more aggregately than C. japonica and Machilus thunbergii for more than 15 cm of DBH. C. japonica correlated negatively with Q. acuta, I. religiosum and C. kousa, but positively with N. sericea. with significance at 1% level. Q. acuta correlated negatively with C. japonica, N. sericea and M. thunbergii but positively with l. religiosum. There were also negative correlation between N. sericea and C. kousa. CCA showed that forest communities were correlated with soil variables such as CEC, soil organic matter and soil pH. With increased soil organic matter and CEC, and decreased soil pH, C. japonica was dominant and forest community and Q. acuta and N. sericea tended to develop in the evergreen broad-leaved forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.5
• /
• pp.567-571
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in breeding bird communities between deciduous forests of Gwangneung and Mt. Namsan areas from April to August 2006. Two 10ha area were selected for territory mapping of breeding bird community in both study area. The DBH distribution of trees and average foliage profiles were significantly different between study areas. Also, breeding bird communities were different. Number of breeding species and pairs, breeding density, and bird species diversity were higher in Gwangneung area than in Mt. Namsan area. When examining relationship between forest habitat structure and bird community, Number of bird species and breeding pairs belonged to hole and canopy guild were increase as the increase of coverstory coverage and number of large trees. Therefore, it is necessary to make vertical structure more various to plant bushes, and to make DBH distribution more diverse for enhancing bird species diversity in the degraded ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 1998

A Korean endemic and evergreen small tree ' Dendropanax morbifera $L_{EV}$.(Araliaceae)' is a component of evergreen forest and mainly idstributein sourthern region and islands in Korea. A local population of D. morbifera which is located between evergreen and deciduous forest within 50m x 50m quadrate was investigated to ascertain the change of population structure, emergence and growth dynamics of seedlings and saplings, and pattern of spatial distribution by the temproal and spatial expansion of population . The result of analysis of population structure by Importnace Value(IV), evergreen forest showed a high species diversity of evergreen tree species such as Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus japonica, Neolitsea serica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Ligustrum japonicum, and etc, in middle and under story than in upper story where Camelia japonica and Quercus acuta were dominant. And in conterminous deciduous fores, the major component of evergreen forest in this region, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, evergreen tree of Lauraceae and etc. were abundant in only under story. IV of D. morbifera differed from among three story. In comparative analysis of emergence and growth dynamics of D. morbifera seedlings and saplings between evergreen and deciduous forest, emergece and density of seedlings were significantly greater in evergreen than in deciduous forest, and growth of height and basal diameter of seedlings and saplings were slightly larger in evergreen than in deciduous forest. The spatial distribution patterns by Moristia's index mapping of indivuduals using a lattice method of XY axis within this population showed that seedlings(age up to 2 years) and saplings (age>2 years and height<1m) both evergreen and deciduous forest were more or less aggregated apart from mature trees, and thougth intermediate trees(height>1m and dbh<10cm) had a aggregated distribution pattern, mature trees(dbh>10cm were uniform. In conclusion , the expansion of D. morbfera population from evergreen to deciduous forest accompanied with a mumber of evergreen woody species, and also, emergence and recruitment, and growth of seedlings were greatly influenced moisture and canopy by around community structure.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.555-560
• /
• 2018

This study conducted to analyze the growth characteristics of old Prunus yedoensis on Jeju island. The diameter growth per year was measured using a DTRS-2000 instrument. The DBH, ground DBH and height of the investigated P. yedoensis were 137 cm, 143 cm, and 15.5 m, respectively. Our analysis showed that the age of the old P. yedoensis was 93 years. An annual diameter growth of $2.85mm{\pm}0.96$ was observed. The result of age estimation, about $265{\pm}64$ years in P. yedoensis on Jeju island. This information could be useful to understand the annual diameter growth characteristics the P. yedoensis distributed on Jeju island.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.243-248
• /
• 2018

This study was carried out to clarify changes in community structure of Quercus acutissima dominant stand on the south slope of Mt. Danseok-san with fixed twenty quadrates. Five field surveys were conducted from Aug. 1999 to May 2018. During the period, the density lessened to 0.20 in 2012 comparing with 0.33 in 1999. However recent field study in 2018 showed moderate rising to 0.24. In 1999, the DBH class distribution of all trees formed reverse J curve. However, the reverse J curve was torn down, forming bell curve. In 2018, the curve showed similar shape of reverse J shape on the group of young trees, forming bell shape on the group of mature trees. It reveals that DBH 13cm is on the threshold of trees competition trend where the downtrend in the trees are on uptrend. The most dominant Q. acutissima formed bell curve. The peak of the curve shows the shift to the right of the graph as it gets lower by year.In case of Q. mongolica, shows a change in the shape of a low bell as the distribution curve increases. The oak stand in this study is in the process of changing from the initial stage of the secondary forest succession to the intermediate stage. The most dominant tree is Q. acutissima, and the sub-dominant tree is Q. mongolica in present. Considering the age distribution of the two competing tree species, the succession of this stand is expected to transfer to the Q. mongolica-dominant community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.85 no.1
• /
• pp.107-119
• /
• 1996

To understand vegetation changes along environmental gradients in the natural forests in the east side of the Cascade Range in Washington state, USA, line transects were used to sample six different forest environments in the Wenatchee National Forest in the north-facing and south-facing sites at 975, 1280 and 1700m elevation. Data were analyzed using ordination by detranded correspondence analysis. Pseudotsuga menziesii was found as one of the dominant species on all the six sites regardless of elevation or aspect, while Pinus ponderosa was dominant on south slopes only. Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa were dominant species on north slopes at elevations of 1280 and 1700m, respectively. Moisture, as it related to aspect, was identified as one of the most important environmental gradients for explaining the variation of vegetation types. On north-facing slopes, compared to south-facing slopes, where moisture was not as limiting and canopies could grow denser, probably, elevation or competitive interaction was more important. Species diversity tended to decrease with increasing environmental severity, with south slopes having less diversity than north slopes due to extended water stress and harsher temperature extremes on south slopes. The age structure on north-facing and south-facing slopes was different. Light intensity, moisture and climate were different between these two slopes. Large scale disturbances(e.g., big fire or insects) were major causes in changing age structure. Younger trees showed a closer relationship between size and age than adult trees. DBH values of shade intolerant species in south-facing slope were bigger than those of north-facing slope, which suggested that aspect of stands be the most important factor for age and size.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.110 no.3
• /
• pp.341-354
• /
• 2021

A large part of Gapyeong is occupied by Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations. Abies holophylla stands are scattered throughout Gapyeong, but little information on their distribution is available. This study explored the potential of succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in plantations. Trees were inventoried and regeneration of A. holoplhylla and stand management history were examined in Korean pine, Japanese larch, and A. holophylla-dominated stands. The importance percentage of A. holophylla was the highest among species with a range of 36.1% to 79.1% in all stands and the density of A. holophylla in understory (DBH <2 cm or <1.3 m height) ranged from 50 to 5,820 trees ha^-1. Non-metric multidimensional scaling classified stands into four types, AN, AP, AM, and P. The AN type showed a reverse J-shape DBH distribution, which was similar to that in natural A. holophylla stands. Both AP and AM types included Korean pine plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within stands. For AP, A. holophylla competed with planted species in overstory and deciduous broadleaved species in understory. The AM type was once thinned from below, thus stem density in the mid DBH classes was lower than upper or lower DBH classes. The P type consisted of plantations without A. holophylla seed trees. However, understory regeneration of A. holophylla was abundant through seed supply from A. holophylla in adjacent stands. Plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within or in adjacent stands showed vigorous natural regeneration of A. holophylla, highlighting the potential for succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in the Gapyeong area. Further studies can help develop techniques to restore plantations to native species-dominated natural stands using ecological succession.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.36-49
• /
• 2019

The objectives of this study were to extract "Field Survey Based Infection Tree of Pine Wilt Disease(FSB_ITPWD)" and "Object Classification Based Infection Tree of Pine Wilt Disease(OCB_ITPWD)" from the Research Forest at Kangwon National University, and evaluate the spatial distribution characteristics and occurrence intensity of wood infested by pine wood nematode. It was found that the OCB optimum weights (OCB) were 11 for Scale, 0.1 for Shape, 0.9 for Color, 0.9 for Compactness, and 0.1 for Smoothness. The overall classification accuracy was approximately 94%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.85, which was very high. OCB_ITPWD area is approximately 2.4ha, which is approximately 0.05% of the total area. When the stand structure, distribution characteristics, and topographic and geographic factors of OCB_ITPWD and those of FSB_ITPWD were compared, age class IV was the most abundant age class in FSB_ITPWD (approximately 55%) and OCB_ITPWD (approximately 44%) - the latter was 11% lower than the former. The diameter at breast heigh (DBH at 1.2m from the ground) results showed that (below 14cm) and (below 28cm) DBH trees were the majority (approximately 93%) in OCB_ITPWD, while medium and (more then 30cm) DBH trees were the majority (approximately 87%) in FSB_ITPWD, indicating different DBH distribution. On the other hand, the elevation distribution rate of OCB_ITPWD was mostly between 401 and 500m (approximately 30%), while that of FSB_ITPWD was mostly between 301 and 400m (approximately 45%). Additionally, the accessibility from the forest road was the highest at "100m or less" for both OCB_ITPWD (24%) and FSB_ITPWD (31%), indicating that more trees were infected when a stand was closer to a forest road with higher accessibility. OCB_ITPWD hotspots were 31 and 32 compartments, and it was highly distributed in areas with a higher age class and a higher DBH class.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.221-229
• /
• 1989

This study is conducted to evaluate the effect of KIM-112 (Ca-3, 5-diode-4-propyonly-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) application at 13, 8 and 3 days before heading for the possibility of lodging prevention, growing pattern of several organisms, growth and yield in paddy rice. KIM-112 was the most effective in reducing elongation of the third internode when it was applied at 13 days before heading(13DBH) and the second internode when it was applied at 8DBH and 3. KIM-112 gradually inhibited internode elongation of rice with increase in dosage starting from 1.0ga.i./10a. The culm length shortened by 7-17% at 3DBH. The maximum distribution of leaf blade at canopy structure was positioned higher on KIM-112 application than on untreated. Lodging index decreased by 8-47% on KIM-112 application and field lodging degree(0-5) was 5 at untreated but KIM-112 application was only 1.3-2.0 of 3 DBH and was little lodging of 8-13 DBH. Ripened grain ratio of KIM-112 application were higher than those of untreated. Yield increased by 27-37% at KIM-112 application.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.415-424
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stocks of Pinus densiflora with drawing volume of trees in each tree height and DBH applying the suitable stem taper equation and tree specific carbon emission factors, using collected growth data from all over the country. Information on distribution area, tree age, tree number per hectare, tree volume and volume stocks were obtained from the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory (2006~2010) and Statistical yearbook of forest (2016), and method provided in IPCC GPG was applied to estimate carbon stock and uptake. Performance in predicting stem diameter at a specific point along a stem in Pinus densiflora by applying Kozak's model, $d=a_{1}DBH^{a_2}a_3^{DBH}X^{b_{1}Z^2+b_2ln(Z+0.001)+b_3\sqrt{Z}+b_4e^z+b_5(\frac{DBH}{H})}$, which is well known equation in stem taper estimation, was evaluated with validations statistics, Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. Consequently, Kozak's model turned out to be suitable in all validations statistics. Stem volume table of P. densiflora was derived by applying Kozak's model and carbon stock tables in each tree height and DBH were developed with country-specific carbon emission factors ($WD=0.445t/m^3$, BEF = 1.445, R = 0.255) of P. densiflora. As the results of analysis in carbon uptake for each province, the values were high with Gangwon-do $9.4tCO_2/ha/yr$, Gyeongsandnam-do and Gyeonggi-do $8.7tCO_2/ha/yr$, Chungcheongnam-do $7.9tCO_2/ha/yr$ and Gyeongsangbuk-do $7.8tCO_2/ha/yr$ in order, and Jeju-do was the lowest with $6.8tC/ha/yr$. Total carbon stocks of P. densiflora were 127,677 thousands tC which is 25.5% compared with total percentage of forest and carbon stock per hectare (ha) was $84.5tC/ha/yr$ and $7.8tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively.