• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2006

Changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph of three selected races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori viz., PM, $NB_4D_2$ and $CSR_2$, were investigated during 4th moult, 5th instar and pupal period. The levels of total protein in the haemolymph, increased from first day of 5th instar till sixth day. From seventh day till spinning, the protein levels decreased in all the three races. A sustained decrease in the haemolymph proteins was observed during the pupal development in all the three races. The levels of free amino acids, which were high during 4th moult, declined through the 5th age of larval development till spinning. PM showed a relatively higher free amino acid level (3.192 mg/ml) in haemolymph followed by $NB_4D_2$ (2.601 mg/ml) and $CSR_2$ (2.35 mg/ml). The free amino acid levels decreased gradually from prepupal stage but increased again at the end of pupal period. Racial differences in the changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph were observed in the larvae and pupae when subjected to two high temperature regimes of $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. The results showed that high temperature induces specific changes in the metabolism (reversible thermal stress) that have different adaptive value in different races of the silkworm. Relatively higher increase in the free amino acid levels in the haemolymph of Pure Mysore presumably provides protective cover to tissues against high temperature by an increase in osmolarity and reduction in evaporative water loss. The absence of such a mechanism may be responsible for temperature susceptibility of the bivoltine races like $NB_4D_2$ and $CSR_2$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2012

Recently, we reported that the synthetic Coprisin analog peptide 9-mer dimer CopA3 (consisted of all-L amino acid sequence) was designed based on a defensin-like peptide, Coprisin isolated from Copris tripartitus. The 9-mer dimer CopA3 (L-CopA3) had antibacterial activity and induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells via a caspase-independent pathway. In this study, all of amino acid sequences of L-CopA3 were modified to all D-form amino acids (DCopA3) to develop a more effective antimicrobial peptide. We investigated whether D-CopA3 had antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms and pro-apoptotic effects in human leukemia cells (U937, Jurkat, and AML-2). The synthetic peptide D-CopA3 had antimicrobial activities against various pathogenic bacteria and yeast fungus with MIC values in the 4~64 ${\mu}M$ range. Moreover, D-CopA3 caused cell growth inhibition, and increased the chromosomal DNA fragmentation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL1-${\beta}$, transcripts in human leukemia cells. The all-D amino acid peptide DCopA3 proved as effective as the L-CopA3 reported previously. These results provide the basis for developing D-CopA3 as a new antibiotic peptide.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 천연 보습인자의 구성 성분인 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산을 피부에 주기적으로 반복 도포하여 일반적으로 알려진 보습뿐 만 아니라 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산을 피부 톤과 결의 개선제로 활용하였다. L-${\alpha}$-아미노산의 알킬기(R)의 극성과 비극성에 따라 두 그룹으로 나누어 각질케어 효능을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 극성 알킬기를 갖는 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산 콤플렉스(L-${\alpha}$-아미노산-콤플렉스-1)가 비극성 알킬기를 갖는 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산 콤플렉스(L-${\alpha}$-아미노산-콤플렉스-2)에 비해 21% 향상된 효능을 나타내었다. 임상 실험을 위해 20 - 40대 11인의 여성에게 실험군으로서 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산 콤플렉스-1을 포함한 에멀전을 오른쪽 뺨에 8주간 매일 도포하고 대조군으로서 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산 콤플렉스-1를 포함하지 않은 에멀전을 왼쪽 뺨에 같은 방법으로 도포하였다. 피부 톤의 개선은 $JANUS^{(R)}$ 장비를 통해 측정하고 이미지분석 소프트웨어를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 피부 결의 개선은 phaseshift rapid in-vivo measurement of the skin (PRIMOS)장비를 이용하여 기기적으로 측정하고 분석하였다. 그 결과, 피부 톤 11.7%, 피부 결 6.7%의 개선을 확인하였다. 또한 피험자에게 심미적으로 느껴지는 개선에 대해 설문조사를 실시하여 피부개선의 체감도를 바탕으로 기기측정 결과를 통해 나타난 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산 도포의 효능을 평가하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해, 약산성(pH 6.5)조건에서 피부 자극을 유발하지 않음과 동시에 생리학적인 개선을 통한 피부 톤과 결의 개선을 기대할 수 있으며, 화장품 소재로서 심미적 만족감을 줄 수 있는 물질로 L-${\alpha}$-아미노산이 활용될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2002

The effects of salts on the biochemical properties of D-amino acid aminotransferase from Bacillus sp. YM-1 have been studied to elucidate both the inhibitory effects of salts on the activity and the protective effects of salts on the substrate-induced inactivation. The results from UV-visible spectroscopy studies on the reaction of the enzyme with D-serine revealed that salt significantly reduced the rate of the formation of the quinonoid intermediate and its accumulation. The kinetic and spectroscopy studies of the reaction with $\alpha$-[$^2H$]-DL-serine in different concentrations of NaCl provided evidence that the rate-limiting step was changed from the deprotonation of the external aldimine to another step(s), presumably to the hydrolysis of the ketimine. Gel filtration chromatography data in the presence of NaCl showed that the enzyme volume was reduced sharply with the increasing NaCl concentration, up to 100 mM. An additional increase of the NaCl concentration did not affect the elution volume, which suggests that the enzyme has a limited number of salt-binding groups. These results provide detailed mechanistic evidence for the way salts inhibit the catalytic activity of D-amino acid aminotransferase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.296-304
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• 2009

The nutritional significance of essential amino acids, as well as non-essential amino acids, is well documented in poultry production with regards to growth performance and protein accretion. However, the function of amino acids in the stress response is still unclear. L-Pipecolic acid, a L-lysine metabolite in the brain, induced a hypnotic and sedative effect acting via the ${\gamma}$- aminobutyric acid receptors. L-Arginine also induced a sedative effect via its metabolism to L-ornithine. In addition, three-carbon nonessential amino acids like L-alanine, L-serine and L-cysteine also induced sedative effects. These facts suggest that the requirement for amino acids in both essential and non-essential types may require reconsideration to add the concept of stress amelioration in the future.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1992

Saccharomyces속 효모를 사용하여 미강을 배지로 하여 에탄올을 발효특성을 조사하였다. 액화효소와 당화효소를 전처리한 미강에서 여러 Saccharomyces속 효모들을 배양한 결과 Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO 2346이 높은 에탄올 생성 및 유리아미노산 함량을 나타내었다. 균체성장은 발효 24시간에 $3\times 10^8$cell/ml로 증가하였으며, 발효 72시간후 4.7의 에탄올을 생성하였다. 유리아미노산 총량은 발효과정중 1,099mg/l에서 829mg/l로 감소하였으나, glutamic acid, histidine 및 isoleucine은 오히려 각각 218%, 31%5 및 1%48로 증가하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.441-445
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• 2003

New sulfonated amino ribofuranans were synthesized to elucidate the relationship between structure and specific biological activities such as anti-HIV and blood anticoagulant activities. The synthesis was performed by sulfonation of copolymers having various proportion of (1$\rightarrow5)-\alpha$-D-ribofuranosidic unit. The sulfonation with piperidine N-sulfonic acid produced the sulfonated amino ribofuranans in high yield. The anti-HIV activity of sulfonated 3-amino-3-deoxy-(1$\rightarrow5)-\alpha$-D-ribofuranan showed more potent by increasing the degree of sulfonation and the average molecular weights. This activity was almost equal to the activities of sulfonated ribofuranans and ribopyranans reported before in spite of low molecular weight. The blood anticoagulant activities was observed at 36-48 mg/units, more potent than standard dextran sulfonate, 22.7 mg/units. In addition, the blood anticoagulant activities of sulfamide-copolysaccharide consisting various proportion of (1$\rightarrow5)-\alpha$-D-ribofuranan units were potentiated by increasing sulfonated amino-ribofuranan units from 13 to 21 mg/units.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1616-1624
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• 2016

The aim of present experiment was to investigate the effect of protein reduction in commercial broiler chicken rations with incorporation of de-oiled rice bran (DORB) and supplementation of limiting amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and/or tryptophan) with ration formulation either on total amino acid (TAA) or standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SIDAA). The experimental design consisted of $T_1$, TAA control; $T_2$ and $T_3$, 0.75% and 1.5% protein reduction by 3% and 6% DORB incorporation, respectively by replacing soybean meal with supplemental limiting amino acids to meet TAA requirement; $T_4$, SIDAA control, $T_5$ and $T_6$, 0.75% and 1.5% protein reduction by DORB incorporation (3% and 6%) with supplemental limiting amino acids on SIDAA basis. A total of 360 dold fast growing broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) were divided into 36 homogenous groups of ten chicks each, and six dietary treatments described were allocated randomly with six replications. During 42 days trial, the feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by TAA factor compared to SIDAA factor and protein factor significantly (p<0.05) reduced the feed intake at 1.5% reduction compared to normal protein group. This was observed only during pre-starter phase but not thereafter. The cumulative body weight gain (BWG) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in TAA formulations with protein step-down of 1.5% ($T_3$, 1,993 g) compared to control ($T_1$, 2,067 g), while under SIDAA formulations, BWG was not affected with protein reduction of 1.5% ($T_6$, 2,076 g) compared to $T_4$ (2,129 g). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in both TAA and SIDAA formulations with 1.5% protein step-down ($T_3$, 1.741; $T_6$, 1.704) compared to respective controls ($T_1$, 1.696; $T_4$, 1.663). The SIDAA formulation revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher BWG (2,095 g) and better FCR (1.684) compared to TAA formulation (2,028 g; 1.721). Intake of crude protein and all limiting amino acids (SID basis) was higher in SIDAA group than TAA group with resultant higher nitrogen retention (4.438 vs 4.027 g/bird/d). The nitrogen excretion was minimized with 1.5% protein reduction (1.608 g/bird) compared to normal protein group (1.794 g/bird). The serum uric acid concentration was significantly reduced in $T_3$ (9.45 mg/dL) as compared to $T_4$ (10.75 mg/dL). All carcass parameters were significantly (p<0.05) higher in SIDAA formulation over TAA formulation and 1.5% protein reduction significantly reduced carcass, breast and thigh yields. In conclusion, the dietary protein can be reduced by 0.75% with TAA formulation and 1.5% with SIDAA formulation through DORB incorporation and supplementation of limiting amino acids and among formulations, SIDAA formulation was better than TAA formulation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1289-1294
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• 2010

Novel $H_8$-binaphthol-based chiral receptors appended with an uryl moiety (2a) and a guanidinium moiety (2b) have been designed and synthesized for the enantioselective recognition of 1,2-amino alcohols via reversible imine formation. The selectivities ($K_R/K_S$ = 9.8 ~ 19.4) of 2b in imine formation with 1,2-amino alcohols are higher than those of 2a ($K_R/K_S$ = 1.8 ~ 4.5). Similar efficiency trend have been observed in the conversion of L-amino acids to D-amino acids, i.e., the efficiency of the receptor 2b (D/L ratio: 4.3 ~ 10.1) is superior to 2a (D/L ratio: 4.0 ~ 8.7).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2008

This study investigated the influence of pH on the color development of melanoidins formed from amino acid enantiomer model systems. For this, the color development was evaluated by measuring browning at 420 nm and color measurements by spectrophotometry and colorimetry. The browning and browning index showed no difference according to the type of amino acid enantiomers, while that formed from the D-Asn system was the only difference according to pH level. The tristimulus value of melanoidins formed from all model systems was located on a dominant wavelength of 475 nm, the blue zone of the diagram. In addition, the $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, $C^*_{ab}$ values, and ${\Delta}E^*$ index on the basis of the type of amino acid enantiomers, the differences were markedly found at pH 4.0. At pH 7.0, significantly differences were found in the $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ values, and ${\Delta}E^*$ index and not in the case of the lysine enantiomers. In addition, at pH 10.0, the differences were found in the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values from the lysine enantiomers and $C^*_{ab}$ value from the asparagine enantiomers. Therefore, the color development of melanoidins was influenced by the type of amino acid enantiomers and pH levels. Especially, it is thought that the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values can be used to explain the differences among the amino acid enantiomers in the color development of melanoidins.