• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.533-564
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• 1998

식생활(食生活)이 향상(向上)되고 생활(生活)이 변화(變化)되며 사회(社會)가 서구화(西歐化)가 됨으로써 우리나라에서도 비만(肥滿)이 하나의 질병(疾病)으로 자리를 잡았다. 많은 사람이 비만(肥滿)을 치료(治療)하기 위하여 노력(勞力)을 하며 최근(最近)에는 비만(肥滿)으로 인하여 고혈압(高血壓), 당뇨병(糖尿病), 동맥경화(動脈硬化), 관상동맥질환(冠狀動脈疾患), 뇌졸중(腦卒中), 퇴행성(退行性), 관절염(關節炎), 중풍(痛風), 담석증(膽石症), 지방간(脂肪肝), 간경병증(肝硬變症), 신장병(腎臟病), 임신중독(姙娠中毒), 불임증(不臨症) 등(等)의 여러 증상(症狀)이 나타난다는 보고가 있다. 비만증(肥滿症)은 "체내(體內)의 지장조직량(脂肪組織量)이 過剩으로 증가(增加)된 상태(狀態)" 라고 정의(定意)하고 대체적(大體的)으로 비만(肥滿)이라 함은 표준체중(標準體重)의 20%이상(以上)을 초과(超過)한 상태(狀態)이거나 체내(體內) 지방(脂肪)이 남자(男子)에서는 체중(體重)의 25%, 여자(女子)에서는 체중(體重)의 30%이상(以上)인 경우(境遇)이다. 원인(原因)에 따라서 유전적(遺傳的) 비만(肥滿), 내분비적(內分泌的) 비만(肥滿), 시상하부성(視床下部性) 비만(肥滿), 교감신경계(交感神經系)의 이상(異常)에 의한 비만(肥滿), 운동부족(運動不足)에 의한 비만(肥滿), 飮食에 의한 비만(肥滿), 약물(藥物)에 의한 비만(肥滿), 사회적(社會的), 경제적(經濟的), 심리적(心理的) 요소(要素)에 의한 비만(肥滿) 등(等)으로 구분(區分)하였으며, 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 양상(樣相)에 따라 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 크기가 증가(增加)하는 비대형(肥大型), 비만세포(肥滿細胞)의 수(數)가 증가(增加)하는 증식형(增殖型), 두 가지가 같이 일어나는 혼합형(混合型)으로 구분(區分)하였다. 사상의학(四象醫學)에서는 [동의수세보원(東醫壽世保元) 사단론(四端論)]의 "폐이호(肺以呼) 간이흡(肝以吸) 간폐자(肝肺者) 호흡기액지문호야(呼吸氣液之門戶也) 비이납(脾以納) 신이출(腎以出) 신비자출납수반지부고야(腎脾者出納水般之府庫也)" 라고 하여 태양인(太陽人)과 태음인(太陰人)의 비만(肥滿)은 기액지기(氣液之氣)의 대사과정에서 나오는 병증(病證)이라 할 수 있다. 동의수세보원(東醫壽世保元) 태양인(太陽人) 태음인(太陰人) 병증론(病證論)에서 비만(肥滿)에 대해 언급된 것은 없으나 최근(最近) 식생활(食生活), 사회환경(社會環境)의 변화(變化) 및 체질적(體質的)인 요인으로 비만(肥滿)이 올 수 있다고 보고 태양인(太陽人)과 태음인(太陰人)의 처방(處方)과 약재(樂材)가 비만(肥滿)에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 실험에서 사용할 전지방세포(前脂肪細胞)(preadipocyte)인 3T3-L1 세포(細胞)는 3T3 세포(細胞)로부터 유래(由來)된 세포주(細胞柱)로써 그 생물학적(生物學的) 특성(特性)이 잘 밝혀져 있고, 적절한 조건아래에서 배양(培養)하면 지방세포(脂肪細胞)(adipocyte cell)로 분화(分化)하는 성질(性質)을 갖고 있어 비방세포(脂肪細胞)의 대사과정(代謝過程)은 물론 지방축적(脂肪蓄積)과 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 분화과정(分化過程)을 연구(硏究)하는데 널리 사용(使用)되고 있다. 3T3-L1 세포(細胞)를 이용(利用)하여 실험(實驗)한 결과(結果) retinol, retinoic acid, vitamin D group, vitamin E, nicotinamide, phorbol ester, dihydroteleocidin B, lithium 등은 전지방세포(前脂肪細胞)의 지방세포(脂肪細胞)로의 분화(分化)를 억제(抑制)하지만, 이와는 달리 ascorbate， hemin, cadmium, corticosterone, cAMP 등(等)은 지방세포(脂肪細胞)로의 분화(分化)를 촉진(促進)시킨다는 사실이 밝혀져 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 분화과정(分化過程)을 자세(仔細)하게 이해(理解)할 수 있는 수준(水準)까지 되었다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 태양인(太陽人) 처방(處方)과 약재(藥材)의 미후등식장탕 오가피장척탕(五加皮壯脊湯) 오가피(五加皮) 노근(蘆根)과 태음인(太陰人) 처방(處方)과 약재(藥材)의 태음위조탕(太陰調胃湯) 청심연자탕(淸心蓮子湯) 청폐사간탕(淸肺瀉肝湯) 갈근부평탕(葛根浮萍湯) 의이인(薏苡仁) 대황(大黃) 상백피(桑白皮) 유근백피(楡根白皮) 제조 해동피(海桐皮) 마황(麻黃) 백모근(白茅根)을 산출(汕出)하여 전지방세포(前脂肪細胞)인 3T3-L1을 이용하여 증식효과(增殖效果)와 자연분화시(自然分化時)의 분화효과(分化效果)와 재분화효과(再分化效果), 유도분화시(誘導分化時)의 분화효과(分化效果)와 재분화효과(再分化效果)에 관해 실험(實驗)한 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 증식효과(增殖效果) 1) 태양인(太陽人) 처방(處方)의 오가피장적탕(五加皮壯脊湯), 미후등식장탕과 약재(藥材)의 오가피(五加皮)에서는 전탕추출과 에탄올추출 모두에서, 노근(蘆根)은 에탄올추출에서 세포증식(細胞增殖)의 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었다. 2) 태음인(太陰人) 처방(處方)의 청폐사간탕(淸肺瀉肝湯) 갈근부평탕(葛根浮萍湯) 청심연자탕(淸心蓮子湯) 태음위조탕(太陰調胃湯)에서 세포증식(細胞增植)의 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었다. 약재(樂材)의 전탕추출은 의이인(薏苡仁) 대황(大黃) 상백피(桑白皮) 유근백피(楡根白皮) 마황(麻黃) 해동피(海桐皮), 에탄올추출은 제조 해동피(海桐皮)에서 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었다. 2. 지방세포(脂肋細胞)의 분화효과(分化效果) 1) 자연분화시(自然分化時)에 태양인(太陽人) 처방(處方)과 약재(藥材)의 경우, 초기분화(初期分化)의 전탕추출은 노근(蘆根), 에탄올추출은 오가피장적탕(五加皮壯脊湯) 오가피(五加皮)에서 세포독성(細胞毒性)의 작용이 나타났다. 2) 자연분화시(自然分化時)에 태음인(太陰人) 처방(處方)과 약재(樂材)의 경우, 초기분화(初期分化)의 전탕추출은 유근백피(楡根白皮) 해동피(海桐皮)에서 세포독성(細胞毒性)의 작용이 나타났다. 재분화(再分化)의 에탄올추출은 청심연자탕(淸心蓮子湯) 마황(麻黃)에서 세포분화(細胞分化)의 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었다. 3) 유도분화시(誘導分化時)에 태양인(太陽人) 처방(處方)과 약재(藥材)의 초기분화(初期分化)의 경우, 오가피(五加皮)의 에탄올추출은 세포분화(細胞分化)의 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었다. 오가피장적탕(五加皮壯脊湯) 오가피(五加皮) 노근(蘆根)의 전탕추출은 세포독성(細胞毒性)의 작용이 유추되었다. 4) 유도분화시(誘導分化時)에 태음인(太陰人) 처방(處方)과 약재(藥材)의 초기분화(初期分化)의 경우, 의이인(薏苡仁) 마황(麻黃) 백모근(白茅根)의 전탕추출과 마황(麻黃)의 에탄올추출에서 세포분화(細胞分化)의 억제효과(抑制效果)가 나타났다. 해동피(海桐皮)의 전탕추출과 에탄올추출에서는 세포독성(細胞毒性)의 작용이 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때에 태양인(太陽人) 태음인(太陰人) 처방(處方)과 약재(藥材)는 증식과정에서 비만(肥滿)이 완전하게 형성되기 전인 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 증식효과(增殖效果)에서 유의하게 세포증식(細胞增拖)의 억제효화(抑制效果)가 나타났으며 비만치료제로써의 활용가치가 있다고 사려된다. 지방세포(脂肪細胞)의 분화과정(分化過程)에서 생체환경(生體環境)의 조건과 비슷하게 유도분화(誘導分化)된 조건에서는 오가피(五加皮) 마황(麻黃) 의이인(薏苡仁) 백모근(白茅根)에서 유의한 세포분화(細胞分化)의 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었다. 앞으로 비만(肥滿)의 기전을 밝히기 위하여 동물실험(動物實驗)을 통한 확이니 필요하며, 또한 본 논문이 비만(肥滿)이 억제되는 기전을 유추하는데 도움이 되기를 바란다.

• 복식
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• 제4권
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• pp.87-114
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• 1981

A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.28-38
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• 1981

동력경운기(動力耕耘機)의 효율적(效率的)인 이용(利用)과 고장(故障)으로 인(因)한 문제점(問題點)과 그에 따른 대책(對策)을 강구(講究)하기 위(爲)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제시(提示)코저 전국(全國) 8개도 278농가(農家)를 대상(對象)으로 동력경운기(動力耕耘機)의 각종(各種) 고장(故障) 및 수리실태(修理實態)를 조사분석(調査分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 가. 고장빈도(故障頻度) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機)의 대당(臺當) 년간(年間) 고장발생(故障發生) 빈도(頻度)는 9.05회(回)이었으며 평균(平均) 39.1시간(時間) 작업(作業)에 1회(回)의 고장(故障)이 발생(發生)되었다. 고장빈도(故障頻度)가 가장 높았던 곳은 점화연료공급계통(點火燃料供給系統)으로서 2.02회(回)로 전체고장(全體故障)의 22.3%를 차지하였고, 그 다음이 부속작업기(附屬作業機) 시린더계통(系統), 주행장치등(走行裝置等)의 순서(順序)로 나타났다. (2) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 사용년수별(使用年水別) 고장(故障) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 구입후(購入後) 6년(年) 이하(以下) 경과(經過)된 기계(機械)에서 37.7시간(時間) 사용(使用)에 1회(回)의 고장(故障)이 발생(發生)된 것으로 나타나 가장 높았고 그 다음이 구입후(購入後) 2년(年) 미만(未滿)된 기계(機械)로서 38.6시간(時間) 작업(作業)에 1회(回)이 고장(故障)이 발생(發生)되었다. (3) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 기종별(機種別) 고장(故障) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 석유(石油)엔진이 36.3시간(時間) 작업(作業)에 1회(回)의 고장(故障)이 발생(發生)되어 디젤엔진의 42.8시간(時間)보다 높았고 마력별(馬力別)로는 석유(石油)엔진의 경우(境遇) 8마력(馬力)이 10마력(馬力)보다 고장(故障) 발생빈도(發生頻度)가 높게 나타났다. (4) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 월별(月別) 고장(故障) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 10월(月)에 가장 낮아 51.5시간(時間) 작업(作業)에 1회(回)의 고장(故障)이 발생(發生)되었고 그 다음이 6월로 49.7시간(時間) 작업(作業)에 1회(回)의 고장(故障)이 발생(發生)된 것으로 나타나 작업시간(作業時間)이 많았을 때 고장(故障) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 상대적(相對的)으로 적었던 것으로 나타났다. 나. 수리장소(修理場所) (1) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 고장시(故障時)의 수리장소(修理場所)는 자가수리(自家修理)가 평균(平均) 45.3%이었고 공장수리(工場修理)가 54.7%로 나타나 공장수리(工場修理)가 자가수리(自家修理)보다 많았다. (2) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 사용년수별(使用年數別) 수리장소(修理場所)는 구입후(購入後) 경과년수(經過年數)가 길어질수록 공장수리(工場修理)보다 자가수리(自家修理)가 많아지는 것으로 나타났다. (3) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 자가수리율(自家修理率)은 디젤엔진이 석유(石油)엔진보다 높았으며 석유(石油)엔진에서는 10마력(魔力)이 디젤엔진에서는 8마력(魔力)이 높았다. (4) 고장부위별(故障部位別) 자가수리(自家修理) 비율(比率)은 조향장치(操向裝置)가 가장 높아 66.7%였으며 그 다음이 점화연료계통(點火燃料系統)인 것으로 나타났고 자가수리비율(自家修理比率)이 가장 낮는 곳은 부속작업기(附屬作業機)로서 26.5%에 불과(不過)하였다. 다. 고장원인(故障原因) (1) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 고장원인(故障原因)은 기계(機械)의 노후(老朽)에 의(依)한 고장(故障)이 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 5.18회(回)로 전체(全體)의 57.2%를 차지하여 가장 많았고 정비불량(整備不良)과 과부하(過負荷)로 인(因)한 고장(故障)이 전체(傳遞)의 37.7%이었다. (2) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 구입후(購入後) 2년(年) 미만(未滿)의 기종(機種)에서는 정비불량(整備不良)으로 인(因)한 고장(故障)이 많았던 반면(反面) 노후(老朽)로 인(因)한 고장(故障)이 적었다. (3) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 고장원인(故障原因)은 기종별(機種別) 마력별(馬力別) 공(共)히 노후(老朽)로 인(因)한 고장(故障)과 과부하(過負荷)로 인(因)한 고장(故障)이 대부분(大部分)이었으며 특히 석유(石油) 5마력(馬力)엔진에서는 과부하(過負荷)로 인(因)한 고장(故障)이 월등히 높았다. (4) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 부위별(部位別) 고장원인(故障原因)은 시린더 계통(系統)과 주행장소(走行場所)의 고장(故障)에서는 주(主)로 노후(老朽)에 의(衣)한 원인(原因)이 많았던 반면(反面) 점화연료계통(點火燃料系統)의 고장(故障)에서는 정비불량(整備不良)으로 인한 고장(故障)이 많았다. 라. 수리비율(修理(比率) (1) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 수리비(修理費)는 34,509원이었고 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 1시간(時間) 수업당(修業當) 평균(平均) 수리비(修理費)는 97원이었다. (2) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 기종별(機種別) 수리비(修理費)는 석유(石油)엔진이 40,697원으로 디젤엔진의 28,322원보다 훨씬 많았다. (3) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 기종별(機種別) 1시간(時間) 수업당(修業當) 평균(平均) 수리비(修理費)는 석유(石油)엔진이 108원으로 디젤엔진의 86원보다 많았으며 마력별(馬力別)로는 차이(差異)가 없었다. (4) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 고장부위별(故障部位別) 년간(年間) 수리비(修理費)는 시린더 계통(系統)이 13,036원으로 가장 많았으며 조향장치(操向裝置)가 362원으로 가장 적었다. (5) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 1회(回) 수리시(修理時)의 평균(平均) 수리비(修理費)는 3,713원이었으며 시린더계통(系統)이 10,598원으로 가장 많았고 조향장치(操向裝置)가 1,006원으로 가장 적었다. 마. 자가수리소요시간(自家修理所要時間) 및 고장(故障)으로 인(因)한 불가동시간(不稼動時間) (1) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 자가수리(自家修理) 소요시간(所要時間)은 8.36시간(時間)이었고 고장(故障)때문에 작업(作業)하지 못한 시간(時間)은 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 93.5시간(時間)이었다. (2) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 사용년수별(使用年水別) 자가수리시(自家修理時)의 1회수리당(回修理當) 소요시간(所要時間)은 6년이상(年以上) 경과(經過)된 기계(機械)에서 21.3시간(時間)으로 가장 높았고 고장(故障) 때문에 사용(使用)하지 못한 시간(時間)은 2년(年) 미만(未滿)된 기계(機械)에서 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 127.13시간(時間)으로 나타나 가장 높았다. (3) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 기종별(機種別) 자가수리시(自家修理時)의 1회(回) 수리당(修理當) 소요시간(所要時間)은 디젤엔진이 10.66시간(時間)으로 석유(石油)엔진의 6.48시간(時間)보다 많았고 고장(故障)으로 인(因)하여 가동(稼動)하지 못한 시간(時間)은 석유(石油)엔진이 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 99.4시간(時間)으로 디젤엔진의 88.67시간(時間)보다 많았다. (4) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 마력별(馬力別) 자가수리시(自家修理時)의 1회수리당(回修理當) 소요시간(所要時間)은 석유(石油)엔진 디젤엔진 공(共)히 8마력(馬力)이 가장 적어 석유(石油)엔진 3.78시간(時間)이었고 디젤엔진은 8.25시간(時間)이었다. (5) 동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 고장부위별(故障部位別) 자가수리시(自家修理時)의 1회수리당(回修理當) 소요시간(所要時間)은 시린더 계통(系統)이 가장 많은 32.02시간(時間)이었고 고장(故障)으로 인(因)하여 가동(稼動)하지 못한 시간(時間)은 시린더 계통(系統)이 가장 많아 년간(年間) 대당(臺當) 37.30시간(時間)이었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.3361-3394
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• 1974

The purpose of this thesis is to disclose some characteristics of water consumption in relation to the quantities of dry matters through the growing period for two statured varieties of paddy rice which are a tall statured variety and a short one, including the water consumption during seedling period, and to find out the various coefficients of evapotranspiration that are applicable for the water use of an expected yield of the two varieties. PAL-TAL, a tall statured variety, and TONG-lL, a short statured variety were chosen for this investigation. Experiments were performed in two consecutive periods, a seedling period and a paddy field period, In the investigation of seedling period, rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometers (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) were set up in a way of two levels (PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties) with two replications. A standard fertilization method was applied to all plots. In the experiment of paddy field period, evapotanspiration and evaporation were measured separately. For PAL-TAL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 43 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometer (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) and the evaporation measurements of 25 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evaporimeter (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$15cm) have been taken for seven years (1966 through 1972), and for TONG-IL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 19 plots and the evaporation measurements of 12 plots have been collected for two years (1971 through 1972) with five different fertilization levels. The results obtained from this investigation are summarized as follows: 1. Seedling period 1) The pan evaporation and evapotranspiration during seedling period were proved to have a highly significant correlation to solar radiation, sun shine hours and relative humidity. But they had no significant correlation to average temperature, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure, and were appeared to be negatively correlative to average temperature and wind velocity, and positively correlative to the atmospheric pressure, in a certain period. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered. 2) The evapotranpiration and its coefficient for PAL-TAL variety were 194.5mm and 0.94∼1.21(1.05 in average) respectively, while those for TONG-lL variety were 182.8mm and 0.90∼1.10(0.99 in average) respectively. This indicates that the evapotranspiration for TONG-IL variety was 6.2% less than that for PAL-TAL variety during a seedling period. 3) The evapotranspiration ratio (the ratio of the evapotranspiration to the weight of dry matters) during the seedling period was 599 in average for PAL-TAL variety and 643 for TONG-IL variety. Therefore the ratio for TONG-IL was larger by 44 than that for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The K-values of Blaney and Criddle formula for PAL-TAL variety were 0.78∼1.06 (0.92 in average) and for TONG-lL variety 0.75∼0.97 (0.86 in average). 5) The evapotranspiration coefficient and the K-value of B1aney and Criddle formular for both PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties showed a tendency to be increasing, but the evapotranspiration ratio decreasing, with the increase in the weight of dry matters. 2. Paddy field period 1) Correlation between the pan evaporation and the meteorological factors and that between the evapotranspiration and the meteorological factors during paddy field period were almost same as that in case of the seedling period (Ref. to table IV-4 and table IV-5). 2) The plant height, in the same level of the weight of dry matters, for PAL-TAL variety was much larger than that for TONG-IL variety, and also the number of tillers per hill for PAL-TAL variety showed a trend to be larger than that for TONG-IL variety from about 40 days after transplanting. 3) Although there was a tendency that peak of leaf-area-index for TONG-IL variety was a little retarded than that for PAL-TAL variety, it appeared about 60∼80 days after transplanting. The peaks of the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters at each growth stage were overlapped at about the same time and especially in the later stage of growth, the leaf-area-index, the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters for TONG-IL variety showed a tendency to be larger then those for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The evaporation coefficient at each growth stage for TONG-IL and PAL-TALvarieties was decreased and increased with the increase and decrease in the leaf-area-index, and the evaporation coefficient of TONG-IL variety had a little larger value than that of PAL-TAL variety. 5) Meteorological factors (especially pan evaporation) had a considerable influence to the evapotranspiration, the evaporation and the transpiration. Under the same meteorological conditions, the evapotranspiration (ET) showed a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x), while the evaporation (EV) a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ET=al+bl logl0x (bl>0) EV=a2+b2 log10x (a2>0 b2<0) At the base of the weight of total dry matters, the evapotranspiration and the evaporation for TONG-IL variety were larger as much as 0.3∼2.5% and 7.5∼8.3% respectively than those of PAL-TAL variety, while the transpiration for PAL-TAL variety was larger as much as 1.9∼2.4% than that for TONG-IL variety on the contrary. At the base of the weight of rough rices the evapotranspiration and the transpiration for TONG-IL variety were less as much as 3.5% and 8.l∼16.9% respectively than those for PAL-TAL variety and the evaporation for TONG-IL was much larger by 11.6∼14.8% than that for PAL-TAL variety. 6) The evapotranspiration coefficient, the evaporation coefficient and the transpiration coefficient and the transpiration coefficient were affected by the weight of dry matters much more than by the meteorological conditions. The evapotranspiratioa coefficient (ETC) and the evaporation coefficient (EVC) can be related to the weight of dry matters (x) by the following equations: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETC=a3+b3 logl0x (b3>0) EVC=a4+b4 log10x (a4>0, b4>0) At the base of the weights of dry matters, 800kg/10a∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.968∼1.474 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.939∼1.470, the evaporation coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.504∼0.331 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.469∼0.308, and the transpiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.464∼1.143 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.470∼1.162. 7) The evapotranspiration ratio, the evaporation ratio (the ratio of the evaporation to the weight of dry matters) and the transpiration ratio were highly affected by the meteorological conditions. And under the same meteorological condition, both the evapotranspiration ratio (ETR) and the evaporation ratio (EVR) showed to be a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) as follows: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETR=a5+b5 logl0x (a5>0, b5<0) EVR=a6+b6 log10x (a6>0 b6<0) In comparison between TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, at the base of the pan evaporation of 343mm and the weight of dry matters of 800∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 413∼247, while those for PAL-TAL variety, 404∼250, the evaporation ratios for TONG-IL variety were 197∼38 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 182∼34, and the transpiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 216∼209 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 222∼216 (Ref. to table IV-23, table IV-25 and table IV-26) 8) The accumulative values of evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity for both PAL-TAL and TONG-IL varieties were almost constant in every climatic year without the affection of the weight of dry matters. Furthermore the evapotranspiration intensity appeared to have more stable at each growth stage. The peaks of the evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity, for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, appeared about 60∼70 days after transplanting, and the peak value of the former was 128.8${\pm}$0.7, for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 122.8${\pm}$0.3, and the peak value of the latter was 152.2${\pm}$1.0 for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 152.7${\pm}$1.9 (Ref.to table IV-27 and table IV-28) 9) The K-value in Blaney & Criddle formula was changed considerably by the meteorological condition (pan evaporation) and related to be a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) for both PAL-TAL and TONG-L varieties as follows; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, K=a7+b7 logl0x (b7>0) The K-value for TONG-IL variety was a little larger than that for PAL-TAL variety. 10) The peak values of the evapotranspiration coefficient and k-value at each growth stage for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties showed up about 60∼70 days after transplanting. The peak values of the former at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 1.14∼1.82 for TONG-IL variety and 1.12∼1.80, for PAL-TAL variety, and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000 kg/10a, were 1.11∼1.79 for TONG-IL variety and 1.17∼1.85 for PAL-TAL variety. The peak values of the latter, at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 0.83∼1.39 for TONG-IL variety and 0.86∼1.36 for PAL-TAL variety and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000kg/10a, 0.85∼1.38 for TONG-IL variety and 0.87∼1.40 for PAL-TAL variety (Ref. to table IV-18 and table IV-32) 11) The reasonable and practicable methods that are applicable for calculating the evapotranspiration of paddy rice in our country are to be followed the following priority a) Using the evapotranspiration coefficients based on an expected yield (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-18 or Fig. IV-13). b) Making use of the combination method of seasonal evapotranspiration coefficient and evapotranspiration intensity (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-27) c) Adopting the combination method of evapotranspiration ratio and evapotranspiration intensity, under the conditions of paddy field having a higher level of expected yield (Ref. to table IV-23 and table IV-27). d) Applying the k-values calculated by Blaney-Criddle formula. only within the limits of the drought year having the pan evaporation of about 450mm during paddy field period as the design year (Ref. to table IV-32 or Fig. IV-22).