• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2012

The gDNA isolated from Cyclina sinensis from Gochang (GOCHANG), Incheon (INCHEON) and a Chinese site (CHINESE), were amplified by PCR. Here, the seven oligonucleotide decamer primers (BION-66, BION-68, BION-72, BION-73, BION-74, BION-76, and BION-80) were used to generate the unique shared loci to each population and shared loci by the three cyclina clam populations. As regards multiple comparisons of average bandsharing value results, cyclina clam population from Chinese (0.763) exhibited higher bandsharing values than did clam from Incheon (0.681). In this study, the dendrogram obtained by the seven decamer primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GOCHANG 01~GOCHANG 07), cluster 2 (INCHEON 08~INCHEON 14), cluster 3 (CHINESE 15~CHINESE 21). The shortest genetic distance that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals 15 and 17 from the Chinese cyclina clam (0.049), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one cyclina clams that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals GOCHANG no. 03 and INCHEON no. 12 (0.575). Individuals of Incheon cyclina clam population was somewhat closely related to that of Chinese cyclina clam population. In conclusion, our PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance among the three cyclina clam populations.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2007

The ultrastructure of germ cells and follicle cells during oogenesis, oocyte degeneration, reproductive cycle, and first sexual maturity in female Cyclina sinensis were investigated for clams collected from Simpo, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, by cytological and histological observations. Vitellogenesis occured by way of endogeous autosynthesis and exogenous heterosynthesis: vitellogensis occurred through a process of autosynthesis, which involves a combined activities of the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The process of heterosynthesis involved endocytotic incorporation of extraovarian precursors into the basal region of the early vitellogenic oocytes prior to the formation of vitelline envelope. The follicle cells appear to play an integral role in vitellogenesis and oocyte degeneration, functioning in phagocytosis and digestion of products originating from the degenerated oocytes: these functions can permit the transfer of yolk precursors needed for vitellogenesis. Follicle cells might have a lysosomal system for breakdown and might also resorb phagosomes in the cytoplasm for nutrient storage during oocyte degeneration.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제16권1_2호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2000

기생충 감염에 의한 폐사와 생식세포형성 영향여부를 확인하고자 1999년 6월부터 2000년 5월까지 매월1회씩 전북 부안군 계화도와 고창군 부안면 상포 지선의 간석지에서 양식하고 있는 가무락조개를 채집하여 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 검출된 기생충은 극구흡충과(棘口吸蟲科, Echinostomatidae)에 속하는Himasthla kusasigi Yamaguti ,1939의 피낭유충(metacercaria)뿐이었다. 양 조사지역에서의 년 평균 기생율은 계화도 93%, 고창 상포 81%이었으며, 월간 가장 기생율이 높았던 시기를 보면 먼저 계화도는 1999년 9월 및 2000년 3, 4월에 100% 기생된 반면에 7월이 80%로 가장 낮은 기생율을 나타냈다. 고창 상포구역은 가장 높았던 달이 2000년 1월 99%, 가장 낮았던 달은 1999년 11월의 47%이었다. 조개내의 Himasthla kusasigi의 기생부위는 다리를 포함한 내장낭, 아가미, 외투막으로써 기생율은 계화도와 고창지역 각각 내장낭 76.7%, 81.3%, 아가미 19.1%. 14.5%, 외투막 5.1%, 4.2%이었다. 조개의 크기가 클수록 기생율이 높았다. Himasthla kusasigi의 피낭유충이 감염된 가무락조개 일지라도 조직학적 조사에서 아무런 이상을 발견하지 못하였다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제16권1_2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2000

1999년 4월부터 2000년 3월까지 서해 금강 하구인 내 초도에 서식하고 있는 가무락조개를 대상으로 자원증식 및 적정 관리를 위해 조직학적 방법에 의해 생식소지수, 생식 소발단단계에 따른 생식주기, 군성숙도를 조사하였다. 가무락조개는 자웅이체로서 난생이다. 가무락조개의 생식주기는 초기활성기(2-4월), 후기활성기(3-6월), 완숙기(4-8월), 부분산란기(7-10월초), 퇴화 및 비활성기(9-2월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 가무락조개의 산란기는 수온과 밀접한 관계를 가지며 수온이 24$^{\circ}C$이상인 7월부터 산란하기 시작하여 9월 중순까지로 산란성기는 7, 8월이었다. 고창산 가무락조개의 군성숙도는 각장 26.0-30.0 mm 사이에서 암, 수 공히 50% 이상이 재생산에 가담하였고, 각장 41.0 mm 이상에서는 100%가 산란에 참여하고 있다. 전 개체의 50%가 재생산에 가담하기 시작하는 개체들의 연령은 만 2세로 추정된다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.153-153
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• 2003

2001년 1월부터 2001년 12월까지 전라북도 김제시 심포 앞바다에서 각장 18.6-52.7 mm 의 가무락조개 (Cyclina sinensis) 를 대상으로 자원증식 및 적정 관리를 위해 조직학적 방법에 의해 생식소발달단계에 따른 생식주기와 군성숙도를 조사하였고 인공산란 유도에 의해 산란량과 산란빈도를 조사하였다. 생식소 발달단계에 따른 생식주기를 조직학적으로 조사한 결과 가무락조개의 생식주기는 초기활성기 (2-4월), 후기활성기 (3-6월), 완숙기 (5-8월), 부분산란기 (7-9월), 퇴화 및 비활성기 (9-2월) 의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 7월부터 산란하기 시작하여 9월 중순까지 일어났고 산란성기는 7-8월이었다. 각장 25.1-30.0 mm인 암컷 개체들의 군성숙도는 64.3%이었고, 각장 40.1 mm이상인 개체들의 군성숙도는 100%이었다. 인공산란 유도에 의해 각 개체들로부터 방란된 난수는 개체들의 각장이 증가됨에 따라 증가되었다. 2차 산란유도에 의해 방란된 평균 난수는 1차 산란수의 평균 76.87%이었다. 가무락조개의 각 산란 간격은 대략 15-17일 (평균 16.5) 이었고, 한 산란기 중 2회 이상의 산란이 일어날 것으로 추정되었다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.43-53
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• 2011

The gametogenic cycle and the spawning season in female and male Cyclina sinensis were investigated by quantitative statistical analysis using an image analyzer system, and the biological minimum size (the size at 50% of sexual maturity) was calculated by combination of quantitative data by size and von Bertalanffy's equation. Compared the gametogenic cycle by quantitative statistical analysis with the previous qualitative results in female and male C. sinensis, monthly changes in female and male gametogenic cycles calculated by quantitative statistical analysis showed similar patterns to the gonadal stages in female and male reproductive cycles by qualitative histological analysis. Comparisons of monthly changes in the portions (%) of each area to eight kinds of areas by quantitative statistical analysis in the gonads in female and male C. sinensis are as follows. Monthly changes in the portions (%) of the ovary areas to total tissue areas in females and also monthly changes in the portions of the testis areas to total tissue areas in males increased in March and reached the maximum in May, and then showed a rapid decrease from June to October. Monthly changes in the portions (%) of oocyte areas to ovarian tissue areas in females and also monthly changes in the portions of the areas of the spermatogenic stages to testis areas in males began to increase in March and reached the maximum in June in females and males, and then rapidly dropped from July to October in females and males when spawnig occurred. From these data, it is apparent that the number of spawning seasons in female and male C. sinensis occurred once per year, from July to October. Monthly changes in the number of the oocytes per mm2 and in the mean diameter of the oocyte in captured image which were calculated for each female slide showed a maximum in May and reached the minimum from December to February. Therefore, C. sinensis in both sexes showed a unimodal gametogenic cycle during the year. The percentage of sexual maturity of female and male clams ranging from 25.1 to 30.0 mm in length was over 50% and 100% for clams over 40.1 mm length. In this study, the biological minimum size (sexually mature shell lengths at 50% of sexual maturity) in females and males were 26.85 and 26.28 mm, respectively.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1988

해산이매패(海産二枚貝)의 흡충류감염종(吸蟲類感染種)과 패류(貝類)의 병해(病害)를 조사할 목적으로 서해안(西海岸) 금강하구(錦江河口) 내초도산(內草島産) 동죽, 가무락 조개 및 맛조개에서 극구흡충과(棘口吸蟲科)의 피낭유충(被囊幼蟲)을 검출(檢出)하였고, 맛조개에서 검출된 피양유충(被襄幼蟲)을 괭이갈매기에 감염(感染)시켜 16일(日)만에 성충(成蟲)을 얻었다. 1. 동죽 및 가무락조개에서는 Himasthla kusasigi의 피낭유충을 검출(檢出)하였으며, 기생율(寄生率)은 각각 70.4%, 85.7% 이었다. 2. 조직부위별(組織部位別) Himasthla kusasigi의 기생율(寄生率)은 족부(足部) 40.4%, 77.3%, 아가미 17.0%, 12.4%, 외투막 12.6%, 10.3% 순으로 기생(寄生)되었다. 3. 맛조개에서 Acanthoparyphium속(屬) 흡충(吸蟲)의 피낭유충(被囊幼蟲)을 검출(檢出)하였으며, 기생율(寄生率)은 63%, 조직부위별 기생율은 foot, mantle, gill 순(順)으로 기생(寄生) 되었다. 4. 맛조개에서 검출(檢出)된 피낭유충(幼蟲)을 괭이갈매기에 감염(感染)시켜 16일만에 성충(成蟲)을 분리하여 충체(蟲體)의 내부(內部)구조를 조사한바 Acanthoparyphium tyosenensis Yamaguti, 1938로 동정(同定) 되었다. 5. 동죽 및 가무락조개는 Himathla kusasigi의 새로운 중간숙주(中間宿主)로 추가되며, 본인(本人)(1968)등(等)이 개량조개에서 검출보고(檢出報告)한 Echinostoma속 흡충(吸蟲)은 Acanthoparyphium tyosenensis흡충(吸蟲)의 유충(幼蟲)임이 밝혀졌다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제6권1_2호
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• pp.76-80
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• 1973

1970년 6월부터 1971년 9월까지 사이에 Cyclina sinensis의 $NH_{4}OH$ 해수용액 규정농도별 수정율, 초기 발생 과정 및 유생의 변태과정을 조사하였다. 1. C. sinensis의 $NH_{4}OH$ 해수용액에 의한 규정농도별 수정율은 1/1000N $NH_{4}OH$ 해수용액 속에서 가장 좋은 결과를 얻었고, 이렇게 처형된 수정란의 발생과정도 정상적임을 확인하였다. 2. C. sinensis의 초기 발생과정에서는 수정후 1시간 30분이 지나면 2구기, 4시간이 지나면 포배기, 6시간이 지나면 Trocophore기에 달함을 볼 수 있었다. 3. C.sinensis의 유생을 사육한 결과, 수정후 1일이 지나면 원패각의 평균 각장이 $110\mu$인 후기 D형기에, 7일이 지나면 평균 각장이 $235\mu$인 각정기에, 20일이 지나면 평균 각장이 $260\mu$인 변태기에 달함을 볼 수 있었다. 4. C. sinensis의 유생을 실험실내 수조 속에서 사육하여 각장 $270\mu$인 치패를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2004

We investigated the reproductive cycle with gonadal development of the female Cyclina sinensis by histological observations and seasonal changes in biochemical components of the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues were studied by biochemical analysis, from January to December, 2001. The reproductive cycle of this species can be classified into five successive stages: early active stage (February to April), late active stage (March to June), ripe stage (May to August), partially spawned stage (July to October) and spent/inactive stage (September to February). Total protein contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in February (early active stage) and appeared the minimum in June (ripe stage), while their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the late active and ripe stages (June) and gradually decreased from July (partially spawned stage) to November (spent/inactive stage). Changes in total protein contents showed a negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = -0.499, p = 0.099). Total lipid contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in January (the inactive stages) and their contents gradually decreased from February. Their contents in the visceral mass tissues, however, reached the maximum in June (late active and ripe stage) and gradually decreased from July (the partially spawned stage). On the whole, total lipid contents showed a negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = -0.631, p < 0.05). Therefore, These results indicate that the nutrient contents of the adductor muscle and visceral muscle tissues change in response to gonadal energy needs. Glycogen contents in the adductor muscle tissue reached the maximum in March (early and late active stages) and decreased from July to September (partially spawned stage). while their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in June (late active and ripe stages) and gradually decreased from July (partially spawned stage). Thereafter, their levels gradually increased in November (spent/inactive stage). On the whole, changes in glycogen contents appeared negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues. However, they showed no significant different (r = -0.307, p = 0.331).

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2015

The seven selected primers BION-13, BION-29, BION-61, BION-64, BION-68, BION-72 and BION-80 generated the total number of loci, average number of loci per lane and specific loci in Meretrix lusoria (ML), Saxidomus purpuratus (SP) and Cyclina sinensis (CS) species. Here, the complexity of the banding patterns varied dramatically between the primers from the three venerid clam species. The higher fragment sizes (> 1,000 bp) are much more observed in the SP species. The primer BION-68 generated 21 unique loci to each species, which were ascertaining each species, approximately 150 bp, 300 bp and 450 bp, in the ML species. Remarkably, the primer BION-80 detected 7 shared loci by the three clam species, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 500 bp, which were matching in all samples. As regards average bandsharing value (BS) results, individuals from CS clam species (0.754) exhibited higher bandsharing values than did individuals from SP clam species (0.607) (P < 0.05). In this study, the dendrogram obtained by the seven oligonucleotides primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (LUSORIA01-LUSORIA07), cluster 2 (PURPURATUS08-PURPURATUS14), cluster 3 (SINENSIS15-SINENSIS21). Among the twenty one venerid clams, the shortest genetic distance that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals 18 and 20 from the CS species (genetic distance = 0.071), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one individuals that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals LUSORIA no. 02 and PURPURATUS no. 09 (genetic distance = 0.778). Relatively, individuals of SP venerid species were appropriately closely related to that of CS species, as shown in the hierarchical dendrogram of genetic distances. Eventually, PCR fragments exposed in the present study may be worthwhile as a DNA marker the three venerid clam species to discriminate.