• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.239-258
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• 2012

In this paper, experimental investigations on high strength steel (HSS) stud connected steel-concrete composite (SCC) girders to understand the effect of shear connector density on their flexural behaviour is presented. SCC girder specimens were designed for three different shear capacities (100%, 85%, and 70%), by varying the number of stud connectors in the shear span. Three SCC girder specimens were tested under monotonic/quasi-static loading, while three similar girder specimens were subjected to non-reversal cyclic loading under simply supported end conditions. Details of casting the specimens, experimental set-up, and method of testing, instrumentation for the measurement of deflection, interface-slip and strain are discussed. It is found that SCC girder specimen designed for full shear capacity exhibits interface slip for loads beyond 25% of the ultimate load capacity. Specimens with lesser degree of shear connection show lower values of load at initiation of slip. Very good ductility is exhibited by all the HSS stud connected SCC girder specimens. It is observed that the ultimate moment of resistance as well as ductility gets reduced for HSS stud connected SCC girder with reduction in stud shear connector density. Efficiency factor indicating the effectiveness of high strength stud connectors in resisting interface forces is estimated to be 0.8 from the analysis. Failure mode is primarily flexure with fracturing of stud connectors and characterised by flexural cracking and crushing of concrete at top in the pure bending region. Local buckling in the top flange of steel beam was also observed at the loads near to failure, which is influenced by spacing of studs and top flange thickness of rolled steel section. One of the recommendations is that the ultimate load capacity can be limited to 1.5 times the plastic moment capacity of the section such that the post peak load reduction is kept within limits. Load-deflection behaviour for monotonic tests compared well with the envelope of load-deflection curves for cyclic tests. It is concluded from the experimental investigations that use of HSS studs will reduce their numbers for given loading, which is advantageous in case of long spans. Buckling of top flange of rolled section is observed at failure stage. Provision of lips in the top flange is suggested to avoid this buckling. This is possible in case of longer spans, where normally built-up sections are used.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.445-462
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• 2022

To investigate and evaluate the seismic damage behaviors of steel reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) filled circular steel tube composite columns, in this study, the cyclic loading tests of 11 composite columns was carried out by using the load-displacement joint control method. The seismic damage process, hysteretic curves and performance indexes of composite columns were observed and obtained. The effects of replacement rates of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), diameter thickness ratio, axial compression ratio, profile steel ratio and section form of profile steel on the seismic damage behaviors of composite columns were also analyzed in detail. The results show that the failure model of columns is a typical bending failure under the combined action of horizontal loads and vertical loads, and the columns have good energy dissipation capacity and ductility. In addition, the replacement rates of RCA have a certain adverse effect on the seismic bearing capacity, energy consumption and ductility of columns. The seismic damage characteristics of composite columns are revealed according to the failure modes and hysteretic curves. A modified Park-Ang seismic damage model based on the maximum displacement and cumulative energy consumption was proposed, which can consider the adverse effect of RAC on the seismic damage of columns. On this basis, the performance levels of composite columns are divided into five categories, The interlayer displacement angle and damage index are used as the damage quantitative indicators of composite columns, and the displacement angle limits of composite columns at different performance levels under 80% assurance rate are calculated as 1/105, 1/85, 1/65, 1/28, and 1/25 respectively. On this basis, the damage index limits corresponding to each performance level are calculated as 0.045, 0.1, 0.48, 0.8, and 1.0 respectively. Finally, the corresponding relations among the performance levels, damage degrees, interlayer displacement angles and damage indexes of composite columns are established. The conclusions can provide reference for the seismic design of SRRC filled circular steel tube composite columns, it fills the vacancy in the research on seismic damage of steel reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) filled circular steel tube composite columns.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.344-350
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• 2011

라디에타소나무 단판적층재(LVL)를 제조함에 있어서, CuAz 및 ACQ 방부처리와 비처리, 수성비닐우레탄 접착제와 페놀변성 리조시놀수지 접착제의 상온경화형 접착제를 적용함에 따른 밀도경사, 접착 강도성능 및 내부후성(방부효력)을 살펴보았다. 결과, LVL의 밀도경사에서 접착층 주변이 원추형으로 밀도가 커지는 경사패턴을 보였다. 접착성은 수성비닐우레탄 접착의 경우, 자비반복시험 후 전층이 박리되거나, 일부 층이 박리하고 할렬 틈새 현상이 일어났다. 페놀변성 리조시놀수지 접착제 접착의 경우, 자비반복시험 후 접착층의 응력이 큰데 연유한 굽음과 상하 접착층 사이의 단판의 수직할렬 현상이 있었으나, 접착층의 박리나 할렬이 거의 발견되지 않아 침지박리접착력은 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 한편, 방부효력시험에 있어서, 수성비닐우레탄 접착제로 적층한 LVL의 경우 갈색부후균에 의한 부후도가 백색부후균보다 크게 나타났다. 페놀변성 리조시놀수지 접착제로 LVL을 제조한 경우에는 갈색부후균에 의한 질량감소가 적었고, 약제를 처리하지 않더라도 그 피해가 낮았으며, 약제처리한 것은 질량감소율 0 수준을 보일 정도로 방부효력이 큰 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제32권2A호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 PSC 거더교의 장경간 적용을 위해 개발된 Half-Decked PSC 거더의 구조적 성능을 실험하였다. 이를 위해 힌지-롤러의 지점 조건의 단순교로 설계된 60 m 경간의 실물 크기 거더를 제작하여 4점 재하실험을 수행하였다. 거더의 중앙을 기준으로 양쪽으로 5.5 m 씩 떨어진 위치에 가력장치를 설치 후 1 kN/sec의 속도로 하중을 재하하여 총 4단계에 걸쳐 반복하중을 가하였다. 1단계부터 4단계까지 1,000 kN, 1,200 kN, 1,500 kN, 2,000 kN의 하중을 재하하고 제거하기를 반복하며 거더의 변위, 콘크리트와 철근의 변형률, 균열 등을 확인하였다. 이를 분석하여 거더의 내하력을 평가하고 하중 제거 시 나타나는 복원력 등을 살펴보았다. 1,400 kN 인근에서 초기 휨균열이 발생하여, 이 시점부터 하중 재하 시 비선형 성이 나타나며 뚜렷한 잔류변형이 계측되었다. 초기 균열이 1등교 기준의 사용하중보다 2배 이상 큰 하중에서 계측되어 충분한 내하력을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 결과의 검증을 위해 수치해석을 수행하여 결과 값을 비교하였고 그 결과 실험 결과와 해석 결과의 유사한 거동을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 거더의 정적재하실험을 통하여 그 구조적 성능을 입증하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 Half-Decked PSC 거더 형식의 60 m 경간 실교량 설계 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

본 연구는 철근콘크리트 기둥 횡보강근의 형태 특히 크로스타이의 유무 및 단부 정착형태에 따른 내진성능을 평가하기 위한 실험연구이다. 계획된 실험변수인 크로스타이의 유무, 크로스타이의 단부 정착형태(헤드형 또는 갈고리형), 그리고 기둥 축응력의 크기에 따라 총 5개의 기둥 실험체를 제작한 뒤 일정 축력하에 횡방향 반복가력 실험을 수행한 후, 크로스타이가 철근콘크리트 기둥의 구조성능에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 실험으로부터, 크로스타이가 없이 띠철근만으로 횡보강된 기둥은, 낮은 횡력에서 균열과 함께 띠철근이 휨변형한 뒤 코아 콘크리트가 탈락되는 파괴양상을 보인 반면에 크로스타이가 있는 기둥은 균열이 발생한 이후에도 띠철근이 휨변형과 주근좌굴을 억제하고 코아 콘크리트를 효과적으로 구속하여 내력 및 연성을 증진시키는 것으로 나타났다. 횡방향 대변형시, 갈고리형 크로스타이는 $90^{\circ}$ 갈고리 부분이 펴지면서 코아 콘크리트가 탈락되는 양상을 보이지만 헤드형 크로스타이는 대변형 시에도 헤드가 매우 효과적으로 띠철근과 주근을 구속하여 높은 내력과 연성능력을 발휘하는 것으로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.35-50
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• 2013

Rapid and effective repair methods are desired to enable quick reopening of damaged bridges after an earthquake occurs, especially for those bridges that are critical for emergency response and other essential functions. This paper presents results of tests conducted as a proof-of-concept in the effectiveness of a proposed method using externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites to rapidly repair severely damaged RC columns with different damage conditions. The experimental work included five large-scale severely damaged square RC columns with the same geometry and material properties but with different damage conditions due to different loading combinations of bending, shear, and torsion in the previous tests. Over a three-day period, each column was repaired and retested under the same loading combination as the corresponding original column. Quickset repair mortar was used to replace the removed loose concrete. Without any treatment to damaged reinforcing bars, longitudinal and transverse CFRP sheets were externally bonded to the prepared surface to restore the column strength. Measured data were analyzed to investigate the performance of the repaired columns compared to the corresponding original column responses. It was concluded that the technique can be successful for severely damaged columns with damage to the concrete and transverse reinforcement. For severely damaged columns with damaged longitudinal reinforcement, the technique was found to be successful if the damaged longitudinal reinforcement is able to provide tensile resistance, or if the damage is located at a section where longitudinal CFRP strength can be developed.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2012

프리폼 구조의 노드는 용접 및 볼트 접합 특성을 반영하는 것이 어려워 구조 성능을 해석적으로 평가하는 것에는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 축하중을 받는 프리폼 구조 노드의 구조 거동을 알아보고 성능을 평가하기 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 실험은 노드 중심부의 성능을 알아보기 위한 노드 볼 실험과 노드부 전체의 내력 평가를 위한 노드부 실험으로 구분된다. 노드 볼 구조 성능 평가에서는 축력에 대한 단조가력과 반복가력 실험을 하였고 노드부 구조 성능 평가에서는 단조가력 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 노드 접합부 설계가 적합하므로 실제 구조물에 인장 발생 시 노드 볼이 충분한 내력을 가지며 안전할 것으로 판단되나 압축 발생 시 노드 볼 형상의 비대칭에 따른 모멘트 발생으로 내력이 저하된 현상을 보였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2011

The thermal shock properties of SiC materials were investigated for high temperature applications. In particular, the effect of thermal shock temperature on the flexural strength of SiC materials was evaluated, in conjunction with a detailed analysis of their microstructures. The efficiency of a nondestructive technique using ultrasonic waves was also examined for the characterization of SiC materials suffering from a cyclic thermal shock history. SiC materials were fabricated by a liquid phase sintering process (LPS) associated with hot pressing, using a commercial submicron SiC powder. In the materials, a complex mixture of $Al_2O_3$ and $Y_2O_3$ powders was used as a sintering additive for the densification of the microstructure. Both the microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered SiC materials were investigated using SEM, XRD, and a three point bending test. The SiC materials had a high density of about 3.12 Mg/m3 and an excellent flexural strength of about 700 MPa, accompanying the creation of a secondary phase in the microstructure. The SiC materials exhibited a rapid propagation of cracks with an increase in the thermal shock temperature. The flexural strength of the SiC materials was greatly decreased at thermal shock temperatures higher than $700^{\circ}C$, due to the creation of microcracks and their propagation. In addition, the SiC materials had a clear tendency for a variation in the attenuation coefficient in ultrasonic waves with an increase in thermal shock cycles.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1932-1940
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• 2004

Although the previous researches evaluated the fatigue behavior of Al/GFRP laminates using the traditional fracture mechanism, their researches were not sufficient to do it : the damage zone of Al/GFRP laminates was occurred at the delamination zone instead of the crack-metallic damages. Thus, previous researches were not applicable to the fatigue behavior of Al/GFRP laminates. The major purpose of this study was to evaluate delamination behavior using the relationship between crack length (a) and delamination width (b) in Al/GFRP laminate. The details of investigation were as follows: 1) Relationship between the crack length (a) and the delamination width (b), 2) Relationship between the delamination aspect ratio (b/a) and the delamination area rate ((A$\_$D/)/subN// (A$\_$D/)$\_$All/), 3) The effect of delamination aspect ratio (b/a) on the delamination shape factor (f$\_$s/) and the delamination growth rate (dA$\_$D// da). As results, it was known that the delamination aspect ratio (b/a) was decreased and the delamination area rate ((A$\_$D/)$\_$N// (A$\_$D/)$\_$All/) was increased as the normalized crack size (a/W) was increased. And, the delamination shape factors (f$\_$s/) of the ellipse-II(f$\_$s3/) was greater than of the ellipse-I(f$\_$s2/) but that of the triangle (f$\_$s1/) was less than of the ellipse-I(f$\_$s2/).

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1032-1038
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• 2009

A polypyrrole (PPy)/alumina composite filler prepared via in-situ polymerization of pyrrole on alumina particles was incorporated into $Nafion^{(R)}$ to improve the performance of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators. The IPMCs with the pristine PPy without alumina support did not show bending displacements superior to that of the bare Nafion-based IPMC, except at a high PPy content of 4 wt%. This result was attributed to the low redox efficiency of the PPy alone in the IPMC and may have also been related to the modulus of the IPMC. However, at the optimized filler contents, the cyclic displacement of the IPMCs bearing the PPy/alumina filler was 2.2 times larger than that of the bare Nafion-based IPMC under an applied AC potential of 3 Vat 1 Hz. Even under a low AC potential of 1.5 V at 1 Hz, the displacement of the PPy/alumina-based IPMCs was a viable level of performance for actuator applications and was 2.7 times higher than that of the conventional Nafion-based IPMC. The generated blocking force was also improved with the PPy/aiumina composite filler. The greatly enhanced performance and the low-voltage-operational characteristic of the IPMCs bearing the PPy/alumina filler were attributed to the synergic effects of the neighboring alumina moiety near the PPy moiety involving electrochemical redox reactions.