• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.51-59
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• 2017

The role of government is to defend its lands and people from enemies. The range of that defense has now extended into the cyber domain, regarded as the fourth domain of the conventional defense domains (i.e., land, sea, sky, and universe). Traditionally, a government's intelligence power overrides that of its civilians, and government is exclusively responsible for defense. However, it is difficult for government to take the initiative to defend in the cyber domain because civilians already have a greater means for collecting information, which is known as being "intelligence inverse" in the cyber domain. To this end, we first define the intelligence inverse phenomenon and then analyze its main features. Then we investigate foreign countries' efforts to overcome the phenomenon and look at the current domestic situation. Based on these results, we describe the appropriate role of the National Intelligence Agency to handle cyber threats and offer a cyber threat intelligence model to share with civilians to help protect against these threats. Using the proposed model, we propose that the National Intelligence Agency should establish a base system that will respond to cyber threats more effectively.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.260-280
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• 2020

Cyber-attacks emerge in a more intelligent way, and various security technologies are applied to respond to such attacks. Still, more and more people agree that individual response to each intelligent infringement attack has a fundamental limit. Accordingly, the cyber threat intelligence analysis technology is drawing attention in analyzing the attacker group, interpreting the attack trend, and obtaining decision making information by collecting a large quantity of cyber-attack information and performing relation analysis. In this study, we proposed relation analysis factors and developed a system for establishing cyber threat intelligence, based on malicious code as a key means of cyber-attacks. As a result of collecting more than 36 million kinds of infringement information and conducting relation analysis, various implications that cannot be obtained by simple searches were derived. We expect actionable intelligence to be established in the true sense of the word if relation analysis logic is developed later.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

Cyber Attack have evolved more and more in recent years. One of the best countermeasure to counter this advanced and sophisticated cyber threat is to predict cyber attacks in advance. It requires a lot of information and effort to predict cyber threats. If we use Open Source Intelligence(OSINT), the core of recent information acquisition, we can predict cyber threats more accurately. In order to predict cyber threats using OSINT, it is necessary to establish a Database(DB) for cyber attacks from OSINT and to select factors that can evaluate cyber threats from the established DB. We are based on previous researches that built a cyber attack DB using data mining and analyzed the importance of core factors among accumulated DG factors by AHP technique. In this research, we present a method for quantifying cyber threats and propose a cyber threats prediction model based on artificial neural networks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.647-650
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• 2018

With the advent of advanced technologies in the real world, the cyber domain has become wider and cyber threats are increasing. A cyber threat intelligence sharing system is needed to more effectively defend and respond to such cyber threats. Through the definition of cyber threat information expression standard, it enables rapid sharing, consistent analysis, and automated interpretation of cyber threat information possessed by individual security control providers or organizations.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Nowadays, nations cyber security capabilities play an important role in a nation's defense. Security-critical infrastructures such as national defenses, public services, and financial services are now exposed to Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) and their resistance to such attacks effects the nations stability. Currently Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) is widely used by organizations to mitigate and deter APT for its ability to proactively protect their assets by using evidence-based knowledge. The evidence-based knowledge information can be exchanged among organizations and used by the receiving party to strengthen their cyber security management. This paper will discuss on the business process reengineering of the CTI information exchange management for a nationwide scaled control and governance by the government to better protect their national information security assets.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2017

Threat intelligences collected from cyber incident sharing system and security events collected from Security Information & Event Management system are analyzed and coped with expanding malicious code rapidly with the advent of big data. Analytical classification of the threat intelligence in cyber incidents requires various features of cyber observable. Therefore it is necessary to improve classification accuracy of the similarity by using multi-profile which is classified as the same features of cyber observables. We propose a multi-profile ensemble model performed similarity analysis on cyber incident of threat intelligence based on both attack types and cyber observables that can enhance the accuracy of the classification. We see a potential improvement of the cyber incident analysis system, which enhance the accuracy of the classification. Implementation of our suggested technique in a computer network offers the ability to classify and detect similar cyber incident of those not detected by other mechanisms.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

It is no exaggeration to say that we live with cyber threats every day. Nevertheless, it is difficult for us to obtain objective information about cyber threats and attacks because it is difficult to clearly identify the attacker, the purpose of attack, and the range of damage, and rely on information from a single source. In the preceding research of this study, we proposed the new approach for establishing Database (DB) for cyber attacks using Open Source Intelligence(OSINT). In this research, we present the evaluation factors for cyber threats among cyber attack DB and analyze the priority of those factors in oder to quantify cyber threats. We select the purpose of attack, attack category, target, ease of attack, attack persistence, frequency of OSINT DB, and factors of the lower layer for each factor as the evaluation factors for cyber threats. After selection, the priority of each factor is analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.749-766
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• 2021

Cyber powers around the world are conducting cyber information-gathering activities in cyberspace, a global domain within the Internet-based information environment. Accordingly, it is imperative to obtain the latest information through the cyber intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) process to prepare for future cyber operations. Research utilizing the cyber battlefield visualization method for effective cyber IPB and situation awareness aims to minimize uncertainty in the cyber battlefield and enable command control and determination by commanders. This paper designed architecture by classifying cyberspace into a physical, logical network layer and cyber persona layer to visualize the cyber battlefield using BGP archive data, which is comprised of BGP connection information data of routers around the world. To implement the architecture, BGP archive data was analyzed and pre-processed, and cyberspace was implemented in the form of a Di-Graph. Information products that can be obtained through visualization were classified for each layer of the cyberspace, and a visualization method was proposed for performing cyber IPB. Through this, we analyzed actual North Korea's BGP and OSINT data to implement North Korea's cyber battlefield centered on the Internet network in the form of a prototype. In the future, we will implement a prototype architecture based on Elastic Stack.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.39
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• pp.319-353
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• 2014

Cyber-based technologies are now ubiquitous around the glob and are emerging as an "instrument of power" in societies, and are becoming more available to a country's opponents, who may use it to attack, degrade, and disrupt communications and the flow of information. The globe-spanning range of cyberspace and no national borders will challenge legal systems and complicate a nation's ability to deter threats and respond to contingencies. Through cyberspace, competitive powers will target industry, academia, government, as well as the military in the air, land, maritime, and space domains of our nations. Enemies in cyberspace will include both states and non-states and will range from the unsophisticated amateur to highly trained professional hackers. In much the same way that airpower transformed the battlefield of World War II, cyberspace has fractured the physical barriers that shield a nation from attacks on its commerce and communication. Cyberthreats to the infrastructure and other assets are a growing concern to policymakers. In 2013 Cyberwarfare was, for the first time, considered a larger threat than Al Qaeda or terrorism, by many U.S. intelligence officials. The new United States military strategy makes explicit that a cyberattack is casus belli just as a traditional act of war. The Economist describes cyberspace as "the fifth domain of warfare and writes that China, Russia, Israel and North Korea. Iran are boasting of having the world's second-largest cyber-army. Entities posing a significant threat to the cybersecurity of critical infrastructure assets include cyberterrorists, cyberspies, cyberthieves, cyberwarriors, and cyberhacktivists. These malefactors may access cyber-based technologies in order to deny service, steal or manipulate data, or use a device to launch an attack against itself or another piece of equipment. However because the Internet offers near-total anonymity, it is difficult to discern the identity, the motives, and the location of an intruder. The scope and enormity of the threats are not just focused to private industry but also to the country's heavily networked critical infrastructure. There are many ongoing efforts in government and industry that focus on making computers, the Internet, and related technologies more secure. As the national intelligence institution's effort, cyber counter-intelligence is measures to identify, penetrate, or neutralize foreign operations that use cyber means as the primary tradecraft methodology, as well as foreign intelligence service collection efforts that use traditional methods to gauge cyber capabilities and intentions. However one of the hardest issues in cyber counterintelligence is the problem of "Attribution". Unlike conventional warfare, figuring out who is behind an attack can be very difficult, even though the Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has claimed that the United States has the capability to trace attacks back to their sources and hold the attackers "accountable". Considering all these cyber security problems, this paper examines closely cyber security issues through the lessons from that of U.S experience. For that purpose I review the arising cyber security issues considering changing global security environments in the 21st century and their implications to the reshaping the government system. For that purpose this study mainly deals with and emphasis the cyber security issues as one of the growing national security threats. This article also reviews what our intelligence and security Agencies should do among the transforming cyber space. At any rate, despite of all hot debates about the various legality and human rights issues derived from the cyber space and intelligence service activity, the national security should be secured. Therefore, this paper suggests that one of the most important and immediate step is to understanding the legal ideology of national security and national intelligence.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.865-889
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• 2019

The need for cyber resilience is increasingly important in our technology-dependent society where computing devices and data have been, and will continue to be, the target of cyber-attackers, particularly advanced persistent threat (APT) and nation-state/sponsored actors. APT and nation-state/sponsored actors tend to be more sophisticated, having access to significantly more resources and time to facilitate their attacks, which in most cases are not financially driven (unlike typical cyber-criminals). For example, such threat actors often utilize a broad range of attack vectors, cyber and/or physical, and constantly evolve their attack tactics. Thus, having up-to-date and detailed information of APT's tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) facilitates the design of effective defense strategies as the focus of this paper. Specifically, we posit the importance of taxonomies in categorizing cyber-attacks. Note, however, that existing information about APT attack campaigns is fragmented across practitioner, government (including intelligence/classified), and academic publications, and existing taxonomies generally have a narrow scope (e.g., to a limited number of APT campaigns). Therefore, in this paper, we leverage the Cyber Kill Chain (CKC) model to "decompose" any complex attack and identify the relevant characteristics of such attacks. We then comprehensively analyze more than 40 APT campaigns disclosed before 2018 to build our taxonomy. Such taxonomy can facilitate incident response and cyber threat hunting by aiding in understanding of the potential attacks to organizations as well as which attacks may surface. In addition, the taxonomy can allow national security and intelligence agencies and businesses to share their analysis of ongoing, sensitive APT campaigns without the need to disclose detailed information about the campaigns. It can also notify future security policies and mitigation strategy formulation.