• 농약과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2002

Cyanogenic glycosides are secondary plant metabolites that are known as plant defense chemicals. They are found in cassava, bamboo, flax, and other plants. In this paper, the role of cyanogenic glycosides, their characteristics, and their interactions with insects are discussed. Previous and current research in our laboratory found that several natural and synthetic cyanohydrins were effective against stored-product insects as fumigants. Due to their insecticidal activity to insects, cyanohydrins can be used as an alternative fumigant and also as soil fumigants. Risk assessment, however, should be done to account for possible environmental problems, non-target wildlife effects, and human health effects.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

Some of the edible plants like apricot kernel, flaxseed, and cassava generate hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolyzed. Rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferases of TSTs; EC: 2.8.1.1) is a sulfide-detoxifying enzymes that converts cyanides into thiocyanate and sulfite. This enzyme exists in a liver and kidneys in abundance. The present study is to evaluate the conversion of apricot cyanogenic glycosides into thiocyanate by human hepatic (HepG2) and colonal (HT-29) cells, and the induction of the enzymes in the rat. The effects of short term exposure of amygdalin to rats have also been investigated. Cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions from HepG2 and HT-29 cells and normal male Spraque-Dawley rats were used. When apricot kernel extract was used as substrate, the rhodanese activity in liver cells was higher than the activity in colon cells, both from established human cell line or animal tissue. The cytosolic fractions showed the highest rhodanese activity in all of the cells, exhibiting two to three times that of microsomal fractions. Moreover, the cell homogenates could metabolize apricot extract to thiocyanate suggesting cellular hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide ion, followed by a sulfur transfer to thiocyanate. After the consumption of amygdalin for 14 days, growth of rats began to decrease relative to that of the control group though a significant change in thyroid has not been observed. The resulting data support the conversion to thiocyanate, which relate to the thyroid dysfunction caused by the chronic dietary intake of cyanide. Because Korean eats a lot of Brassicaceae vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and radish, the results of this study might indicate the involvement of rhodanese in prolonged exposure of cyanogenic glycosides.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 sorghum식물(植物)에 있어서 Cyanogenic glycosides의 합성(合成) 및 축적형태(蓄積形態)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 sorghum hybrid의 Pioneer과 sorghum X sudangrass hybrid의 Sioux를 공시품종(供試品種)으로 하여 포장(圃場) 및 Phytotron시험(試驗)으로 실시(實施)하였다. Phytotron의 주(晝)/야간(夜間) 온도(溫度)는 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 및 $18/8^{\circ}C$로 하였으며 온도처리(溫度處理)는 출현기(出現期), 4 엽기(葉期), 6 엽기(葉期) 및 8 엽기(葉期)를 대상(對象)으로 실시(實施)하였다. 1979-'80년간(年間) 얻어진 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. HCN의 합성(合成) 및 축적(蓄積)은 출현(出現)과 동시(同時)에 이루어져 출현후(出現后) 5 - 7 일(日) 이 경과된 2 엽기식물(葉期植物)에서 각각(各各) Pioneer 931 2384ppm 및 Sioux 1798ppm으로 최고농도수준(最高濃度水準)에 달한다. 그러나 이들 함량(含量)은 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)되어 출수기(出穗期)에는 각각(各各) 173ppm 및 70ppm으로 하락(下落)된다. 2. 생육기간중(生育期間中) HCN의 농도변화(濃度變化)는 LWR 및 LAR와는 정(正)(+)의 상관(相關)이 초장생육(草長生育)과는 부(負)(-)의 상관(相關)($P{\leqq}0.1%$)이 있다. 3 . 식물체중(植物體中) HCN 분포(分布)는 유수(幼穗)가 형성(形成)되기 이전(以前)의 유식물(幼植物)에서는 엽부위(葉部位)에 다량(多量) 분포(分布)되어 있으나 유수형성기(幼穗形成期) 이후(以后)에는 엽(葉)과 경부위간(莖部位間) HCN농도(濃度) 차이(差異)가 크지 않다. 4. Cyanogenic glycosides의 합성(合成)은 온도(溫度)가 상승(上昇)됨에 따라 비례적(比例的)으로 증가(增加)하나 식물체내(植物體內)의 HCN 축적(蓄積)은 고온(高溫)($30/25^{\circ}C$)에서 보다 저온(低溫)($18/8^{\circ}C$)에서 보다 크게 일어난다. 5. Cyanogenic glycosides의 합성(合成) 및 축적(蓄積)은 질소질비료(窒素質肥料) 및 NRA의 영향(影響)을 크게 받으므로 sorghum 식물체내(植物體內)에서의 HCN농도(濃度)는 $NO_3$축적(蓄積)과 높은 정(正)(+)의 상관(相關)이 있다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2013

Cyanogenic glycosides are HCN-producing phytotoxins; HCN is a powerful and a rapidly acting poison. It is not difficult to find plants containing these compounds in the food supply and/or in medicinal herb collections. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of total cyanide in nine genera (Dolichos, Ginkgo, Hordeum, Linum, Phaseolus, Prunus, Phyllostachys, Phytolacca, and Portulaca) of edible plants and the effect of the processing on cyanide concentration. Total cyanide content was measured by ion chromatography following acid hydrolysis and distillation. Kernels of Prunus genus are used medicinally, but they possess the highest level of total cyanide of up to 2259.81 $CN^-$/g dry weight. Trace amounts of cyanogenic compounds were detected in foodstuffs such as mungbeans and bamboo shoots. Currently, except for the WHO guideline for cassava, there is no global standard for the allowed amount of cyanogenic compounds in foodstuffs. However, our data emphasize the need for the guidelines if plants containing cyanogenic glycosidesare to be developed as dietary supplements.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.317-321
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• 2007

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Lotus ornithopodioloides L. resulted in the isolation of six known compounds. The structures were determined utilizing physical, chemical, spectral methods as well as direct comparison with reference materials whenever possible. The compounds were identified as: ${\beta}$-sitosterol; the two triterpenes oleanolic and betulinic acids; the two cyanogenic glycosides lotaustralin and linamarin in addition to the flavonol diglycoside kaempferitin.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.146-152
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• 1987

Sorghum cv. Pioneer 93 1, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid cv. Sioux and maize plant cv. Blizzard were assayed for toxic concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) and their relationship to morphological characteristics and environmental temperature in a field and phytotron trial. In the phytotron, sorghum and maize plants ranging from emergence to heading stage, were grown under different day/night temperatures of 30125, 25/20,28/18 and 1818 degree C. Nitrate-nitrogen in sorghum and maize plants was accumulated mainly in stems. Therefore nitrate concentration in the young plants was increased as development of stalks advanced and was highest at the stage of 3-4 leaves, when the plants had a leaf weight ratio 0.78-0.80 g/g plant weight. However, nitrate concentrations of the plant decreased as morphological development progressed, especially from the stage of growing point differentiation. Correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation of nitrate concentration with leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area, while plant height, dry matter percentage and absolute growth rate showed a negative association with TEX>$NO_3$-N ($P{\le}0.1$%). Cyanogenic glycosides, total nitrogen and crude protein were close associated with nitrate accumulation, and positively significant ($P{\le}0.1$%). High temperature over 30/25^{\circ}C.$ for 3 weeks increased N-uptake and dry matter accumulation, but reduced nitrate concentration. Under cold temperature below 18/8^{\circ}C.$ concentration of nitrate-N was increased in spite of its limited nitrogen uptake and plant growth.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2014

Six compounds were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction of the aerial parts of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus including: sambunigrin (1), prunasin (2), aruncide A (3), aruncide C (4), 1-O-caffeoyl-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranose (5), and caffeic acid (6). Their structures were confirmed by comparing the spectral data with those reported in the literature. The isolated compounds (1 - 6) were then examined for their cytotoxic effects towards MCF-7, HL-60, and HeLa cancer cell lines, as well as their DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results indicated that compound 4 possessed the strongest inhibitory effect toward HeLa cell line with $IC_{50}$ value of $5.38{\pm}0.92{\mu}M$. Compound 3 possessed selective cytotoxic activity on HL-60 cells with $IC_{50}$ value of $6.27{\pm}0.17{\mu}M$, compound 5 was found as the best in inhibiting proliferation with $IC_{50}$ value of $2.25{\pm}0.09{\mu}M$, and the other compounds showed significant inhibition with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 6.10 to $11.27{\mu}M$. Compound 5 also displayed the strongest cytotoxic effect toward MCF-7 cell line ($IC_{50}$ $4.32{\pm}0.15{\mu}M$). Both 5 and 6 demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ $6.87{\pm}0.03$ and $4.33{\pm}0.22{\mu}M$, respectively). Compounds 1 and 5 were isolated for the first time from this plant.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1255-1262
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• 2024

Objective: The present study evaluated the effect of flaxseed meal degraded by a protease, Lactobacillus plantarum, or both on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status of broilers. Methods: There were four diets containing flaxseed meals in its non-degraded form (control, CON), degraded with 3,000 U/kg of protease (enzymatic, ELM), 1.0×10⁹ CFU/kg of Lactobacillus plantarum (fermented, FLM), or both (dual-degraded, DLM). Each form of flaxseed meals was added at 15% of diet. A total of 480 yellow-feathered broilers at 22 d of age were distributed into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 20 chickens each. The feeding trial lasted for 42 d. Growth performance, apparent fecal digestibility (dry matter, energy, crude protein, and ash), and serum immunoglobins and antioxidases were determined at 42 and 63 d of age. Results: Results showed that ELM, FLM, and DLM increased (p<0.001) the contents of peptides and decreased (p<0.001) cyanogenic glycosides, compared to CON. The diets with degraded flaxseed meals increased (p<0.05) feed intake and body weight gain throughout the feeding trial, and the digestibility of energy, crude protein, and ash at the end of feeding trial. Furthermore, all degraded groups enhanced (p<0.05) broiler health status by increasing serum immunoglobulins A and G. Additinally, DLM showed more pronounced effects (p<0.05) on these parameters than ELM or FLM. Conclusion: Flaxseed meals degraded by enzymolysis, fermentation, or both had improved nutrition and application in broilers.