• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.41-62
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper examines whether the imposition of countervailing duties by the United States on undervalued foreign currency is legally consistent with the WTO's SCM Agreement. Design/methodology - The study uses a methodology that involves analyzing relevant WTO agreements, prior panel reports, Appellate Body decisions, and other legal documents. Findings - The findings suggest that to impose countervailing duties, certain legal requirements must be met, including financial contribution, benefit, and specificity. The paper also notes that when calculating the benefits of undervalued foreign currency, losses from import activities due to currency undervaluation must be considered. Additionally, classifying all exports to the US under specific industries or business groups is likely to be inconsistent with the SCM Agreement. Originality/value - Even the US countervailing measures on exchange rate subsidies may not comply with WTO regulations due to incorrect calculation of benefits and a lack of specificity, however, it suggests that when intervening in the foreign exchange market, the measures should aim to achieve only minimum policy goals.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.385-400
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• 2004

China has pegged its currency to the US dollar (at RMB 8.3 to the dollar) since 1994. The yuan's dollar peg has increased demand for chinese exports, which account for about a third of gross domestic product. The peg has also helped to attract $308 billion in foreign investment. But there has been criticism that China has over the past two years been engaging in protracted, large-scale intervention in one direction in exchange markets. According to many reports, RMB is undervalued by somewhere between 15 and 30% by manipulation. China may not want to float the currency at once, since doing so would have a dramatic and negative effect on the economy. However, there has so far been strong pressure from trading partners including the Unite States, Japan, EU. Considered all these things, China may eventually allow some changes in the Yuan's value. This may come in the form of widening a band of movement for the currency, rather than letting it float freely in the market.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.689-697
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• 2014

This study aims to analyze the representation forms of bloggers' personal style on the fashion blogs and enlighten their values which can be actively applied to design and marketing in fashion industry. Image representation of fashion bloggers is reflected by the characteristics in the digital environment, which are the creative manipulation of expression and the production of virtual and fantastic images by taking advantage of the composite medium such as images, music, videos, articles, etc. Also real time updates in blog indicate the latest trends in terms of the representation of image as the actual currency. The study conducted case studies of 5 women's personal fashion blogs through the verification of a variety of global fashion media and blog ranking sites: Style Bubble, Style Rookie, The Cherry Blossom Girl, The Blond Salad, and Fashion Toast. Research findings are as follows. First, the application of creative design elements is indicated as symbolic items, self-made designs, DIY, and various mix and match emphasizing design elements such as color, patterns, proportion, etc. Second, the virtual representation is very highlighted on the story telling applied by film like production or digital effect. Third, the commercial application with mainly sponsored wardrobe and designer collaboration indicates promoting a updated trend as well as a specific brand or designer to make their business profits.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1148-1157
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• 2022

2019년 코로나로 인하여 사람들의 많은 생활에 변화를 주었다. 그중 메타버스는 다양한 방식을 통한 비대면 서비스를 지원하여 일상에서 하던 일을 대체하고 있다. 이런 현상은 코로나19의 장기화로 하나의 문화처럼 만들어지고 형성되었다. 본 논문은 메타버스의 재미요인을 알기 위해 기존 게임에서 사용한 재미요소를 정리하여 전문가 5명과 함께 항목, 내용을 메타버스에 맞게 재분류하였다. 분류는 재매개성을 사용하여 분류하였고 감각적 재미[시각(그래픽), 청각, 텍스트, 조작, 감정이입, 유희, 시점], 도전적 재미[몰입, 도전, 성취, 발견, 스릴, 보상, 문제해결], 상상적 재미[새로운 이야기, 사랑, 자유도, 대리자아, 기대감, 변화], 사회적 재미[규칙, 경쟁, 사회적 행위, 지위, 협동, 참여, 교류, 소속, 화폐거래], 상호작용적 재미[의사결정, 커뮤니케이션 공유, 하드웨어, 감정이입, 육성, 자율성], 현실적 재미[현실 일체감, 학습 용이성, 순응, 지적문제해결, 패턴 인식, 실재감, 커뮤니티], 창조적 재미[응용, 창조, 커스텀마이징, 가상세계]로 구분하였다.