• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1933-1941
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate quality characteristics of cured pork loin with natural nitrite source from Swiss chard. Methods: Pork loin was cured in brine and the ratio of water and fermented Swiss chard (FSC) solution in the brine was changed by 4:0 (control), 3:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 1:3 (T3), 0:4 (T4), and pickled samples with 0.012% sodium nitrite (PC, positive control) and nitrite free brine (NC, negative control) were considered as the control. Results: The pH values of cured pork loins with FSC were decreased with increasing addition level of FSC. Cooking loss was not significantly different among all treatments. T4 had the lowest value in moisture content and lightness value and the highest value in curing efficiency. The redness value of T4 was not significantly different from that of PC in raw. After cooking, however, it was higher than that of PC. The yellowness value of cured pork loin added with FSC was increased with increasing level of FSC. Volatile basic nitrogen content of cured pork loin added with FSC was higher than PC and NC. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value of cured pork loin added with FSC was decreased with increasing FSC level. Residual nitrite level and shear force were increased with increasing FSC level. In the sensory evaluation, sensory score for flavor, off-flavor, chewiness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were not significantly different among all treatments. However, sensory score for color was increased when the concentration of FSC added to pork loin was increased. Conclusion: The FSC solution had a positive effect on redness and lipid oxidation. As shown by the results in protein deterioration and sensory, Swiss chard can replace sodium nitrite as natural curing agent.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.494-502
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate functional properties of reduced-salt pork meat products made of pre-rigor pork loin treated by different freezing temperatures (-30℃ and -70℃) during storage. Methods: Pre-rigor cured pork loin with 1.0% added salt was compared to post-rigor muscle added with 1.5% salt for pH, color (L^*, a^*, b^*), cooking loss (CL), expressible moisture, warner-Bratzler shear value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN). Results: Pre-rigor cured pork loins had higher pH and temperature than post-rigor ones as raw meat (p<0.05). pH values were higher for pre-rigor pork loins than those of post-rigor pork loins (p<0.05). Color values did not different among treatments (p>0.05). No color differences were observed during storage period after cooking (p>0.05). The CL (%) of pre-rigor cured pork loins was the lowest when frozen at -70℃. The TBARS and VBN increased from 8 weeks of storage (p<0.05), but no further changed thereafter (p>0.05). Pre-rigor cured pork loins added with 1.0% salt showed similar characteristics to post-rigor pork loins added with 1.5% salt. Conclusion: Cured pork loins could be produced using pre-rigor muscle added with 1/3 of the original salt level (1.5%) and could be stored for up to 4 wks of frozen storage, regardless of a frozen temperature of -30℃ or -70℃ without detrimental effects.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.999-1004
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• 2002

식염농도를 3, 5, 7 및 9%로 각각 조제한 2$^{\circ}C$의 염지액에 등심고기를 20일간 염지하면서 식염농도와 염지기간이 근원 섬유단백질의 추출성과 소편화도, 보수력, 식염함량 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 식염농도 3, 5 및 7%의 염지액에 염지한 등심고기 근원섬유단백질의 추출성과 보수력은 염지 20일까지, 근원섬유 소편화도는 염지 16일까지, 모두 식염농도가 높을수록 점점 높게 나타났으며, 9%의 염지액에 염지한 것은 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 가열육의 색도는 염지액의 식염농도가 높을수록, 그리고 염지 16일까지 점점 양호하게 나타났다 염지액의 식염농도 3%에서는 염지육의 발색이 균일하게 되지 않았으며, 9%에서는 발색이 잘 되었으나 풍미와 종합적인 기호성이 좋지 않았다. 등심고기는 염지액의 식염농도5%에서 16일, 또는 7%에서 12일 염지하면 기호성이 우수하게 되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of refined, solar, and bamboo salt on the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of cured pork loin. Moisture, protein, fat, and ash content, lightness, yellowness, cooking yield, and color, juiciness, and tenderness of sensory properties on curing pork loin exhibited no significant differences regardless of the nature of salts. The pH of raw and cooked cured pork loin with added bamboo salt was higher that of other salt treatments. However, the cooking loss, and Warner-Bratzler shear force of cured pork loin with added refined salt was lower than those of solar and bamboo salt pork loins cured. The flavor and overall acceptability scores of treatments with refined salt was higher than those of solar and bamboo salt treatments. The unique flavor of bamboo salt can render it as a functional material for marinating meat products. In addition, the results of this study reveal potential use of bamboo salt in meat curing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1603-1610
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fermented spinach derived nitrite and sodium nitrite on cured pork loin. Methods: The following treatments were prepared using brine (8% [w/v] salt): Control (-), no nitrite added; Control (+), 0.08% (w/v) sodium nitrite brine; T1, 0.04% (w/v) nitrite fermented spinach juice in 0.04% (w/v) sodium nitrite brine; T2, spinach juice in 0.04% (w/v) sodium nitrite brine; T3, 0.04% (w/v) nitrite fermented spinach juice used as sodium nitrite free brine; and T4, spinach juice used as sodium nitrite free brine. T2 and T4 were incubated to allow to reduce nitrate to nitrite. Results: Spinach juice did not affect cooking loss and pH but negatively influenced flavor and overall acceptability (p<0.05). T1 samples containing synthetic and natural nitrites showed the highest redness values. Spinach juice negatively affected volatile basic nitrogen; however, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of T1 and T3 were similar to those of controls (+) (p>0.05). Residual nitrite content decreased with decreasing synthetic nitrite levels. T1 and control samples showed no significant differences in overall acceptability (p>0.05). Conclusion: Thus, combined synthetic and natural nitrites improved the quality of cured pork loin.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2003

식염농도 7%의 염지액을 이용하여 돼지고기 등심을 염지할 때에 염지온도와 기간이 염지육의 이화학적 특성과 기호성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 열지온도 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 15일째에 염지육의 pH와 보수력이 현저히 저하되었다. 염지온도 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 염지액과 염지육 표면부위의 일반세균수는 12째에 현저히 많아졌으나 중심부위는 거의 검출되지 않았다. 임시 온도가 높을수록 염지기간에 관계없이 식염 침투가 빠르고 염지육 식염함량이 많아졌으며, 표면부위에 대한 중심분위의 식염함량 비율은 염지기간이 길수록 크게 나타났다. 염지육의 식염함량은 가열에 의하여 적어졌다. 염지 가열육의 짠맛과 풍미는 염지 초기에는 높은 온도에서, 후기에는 낮은 온도에서 우수하였다. 열지 가열육은 1$^{\circ}C$에서 12일, 5$^{\circ}C$에서 9일 염지하여 제조하면 기호성이 우수하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of red glasswort (RG) (Salicornia herbacea L.) curing on the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of cooked pork loin ham (M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum). Methods: All treatments were cured with different salt and RG powder levels. RG0 treatment was prepared with only 4% NaCl (w/w) as a control, and RG25, 3% NaCl:1% RG (w/w); RG50, 2% NaCl:2% RG (w/w); RG75, 1% NaCl:3% RG (w/w); RG100, 0% NaCl:4% RG (w/w) treatments were prepared sequentially. All samples were individually vacuum packaged in polyethylene bags and stored for 7 d at 3℃±1℃. Results: The results showed that as the rate of RG substitution increased, pH value, redness, myofibrillar protein solubility, and myofibrillar fragmentation index increased (p<0.05), but salt concentration and shear force decreased (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in cooking loss and moisture content. In terms of sensory evaluation, RG100 exhibited higher scores in tenderness and juiciness than RG0 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The partial substitution of NaCl by RG could improve the physicochemical properties, textural and sensory characteristics of cooked pork loin. Therefore, it is suggested that RG as a natural salt replacer could be an effective ingredient for developing low-sodium cured hams.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2004

본 연구는 국내산 냉동 및 냉장 등심의 가공조건을 달리하여 Pork cutlet를 제조하고 물리적 및 관능적 품질 특성을 비교하여 국내에서 비선호 부위인 냉동 등심의 외식용으로서의 소비 확대를 꾀하고자 수행되었다. Pork cutlet원료용 돼지고기 등심은 냉장육(T1), 염지 및 마사징처리 냉장육(T2), 염지 및 마사징처리 냉동육(T3), 냉동육(T4), 마사징처리 냉동육(T5)으로 처리조건을 달리한 후 Pork cutlet를 제조하여 물리적 및 관능적 품질특성을 평가하였다. 보수력 측정 결과, 모든 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 냉장육인 경우에, 염지와 마사징 처 리(T2)가 무처리구(T2)에 비해 다소 높게 나타났다. 처리구간 T4가 가장 낮은 보수력을 나타내었다. 육색 측정 결과 냉장육의 경우 처리구간 L$^{*}$ 값, a$^{*}$ 값 및 b$^{*}$ 값 모두 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 냉동육인 경우 L$^{*}$ 값은 T3 및 T5 처리구가 T4 처리구보다 높았고, b$^{*}$ 값은 T5 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 나타났으나(p<0.001), a$^{*}$ 값은 모든 처리구간에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 냉동육을 염지와 맛사징한 등심을 이용하여 제조한 T3 처리구의 Pork cutlet이 가장 낮은 전단력을 보여 상대적으로 가장 연도가 우수하였고(p<0.001), 무처리된 냉동육을 이용한 T4 처리구의 Pork cutlet이 가장 높게 나타났다. 밀가루 반죽과 고기 표면과 분리율은 T4처리구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 식별강도는 T1 : T3조합에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 척도묘사분석의 결과 전체적인 기호도는 유의적으로 가장 낮게 평가된 T4 처리구를 제외한 전 처리구간에서의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 냉동육만으로 pork cutlet를 제조하면 냉장육으로 제조한 pork cutlet와 물리적 및 관능적 특성에서 큰 차이를 보이므로 냉동육을 염지하거나 맛사징 처리하여 pork cutlet를 제조하면 냉동 돈육 등심의 소비 촉진에 기여할 수 있다고 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2016

Purple rice is a strain of glutaneous rice rich in anthocyanins and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. Both types of compounds are involved in antioxidant and lipid metabolism of mammals. Three experimental diet types were used which consisted approximately by half either of purple rice, white rice or corn. Diets were fed to $3{\times}10$ pigs growing from about 30 to 100 kg. Meat samples were investigated either as raw or cured loin chops or as smoked bacon produced from the belly. Various physicochemical traits were assessed and data were evaluated by analysis of variance. Traits describing water-holding capacity (drip, thaw, and cooking losses) and tenderness (sensory grading, shear force) of the meat were mostly not significantly affected by the diet type. However, purple rice feeding of pigs resulted in lower fat and cholesterol contents of loin and smoked bacon compared to white rice, but not compared to corn feeding except of the fat content of the loin. The shelf life of the raw loin chops was improved by purple rice as well. In detail, the occurrence of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after 9 days of chilled storage was three to four times higher in the white rice and corn diets than with purple rice. The n-6:n-3 ratio in the raw loin chops was 9:1 with purple rice and clearly higher with 12:1 with the other diets, meat lipids. Level and kind of effect of purple rice found in raw meat was not always recovered in the cured loin chops and the smoked bacon. Still the impression of flavor and color, as well as overall acceptability were best in the smoked bacon from the purple-rice fed pigs, whereas this effect did not occur in the cured loin chops. These findings suggest that purple rice has a certain, useful, bioactivity in pigs concerning meat quality, but some of these effects are of low practical relevance. Further studies have to show ways how transiency and low recovery in meat products of some of the effects can be counteracted.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.677-685
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• 2015

The effect of ripening time on the technological quality traits, fatty acid compositions and sensory characteristics of dry-cured loin was studied. Pork loins (n = 102) at 24 h post-mortem were used to produce dry-cured loins. The dry-cured loins were assessed at 30, 60, and 90 days of ripening for the aforementioned characteristics. Our results showed that the water activity ($a_w$) decreased (p<0.05) up to 60 days and did not change thereafter. The lipid oxidation and weight loss levels significantly (p<0.05) increased with increased ripening time. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) $L^*$ decreased for 90 days while CIE $a^*$ increased for 60 days and did not increase thereafter. More noticeably, the levels of most of unsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly decreased as increasing ripening time up to 90 days. The 30 days-ripened loins had lower (p<0.05) color, flavor and overall acceptability scores than the loins ripened for 60 and 90 days, however, no differences in sensory traits occurred between the 60 and 90 day-ripened samples. Based on the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested that the ripening duration between 30 and 60 days could be more appropriate for producing dry-cured loin product with higher quality and economic benefits.