• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to examine size-based concentration and genera of airborne fungi distributed in public facilities such as hospital, kindergarten, day-care center and postpartum nurse center and to provide fundamental data in order to prevent respiratory diseases caused by exposure to airborne fungi. Culturable total and respirable concentrations of airborne fungi averaged to $382\;cfu/m^3\;and\;292\;cfu/m^3$ in hospital, $536\;cfu/m^3\;and\;347\;cfu/m^3$ in kindergarten, $334\;cfu/m^3\;and\;266\;cfu/m^3$ in day-care center, and $371\;cfu/m^3\;and\;289\;cfu/m^3$ in postpartum nurse center, respectively. The ratio of respirable to total concentration of airborne fungi in the investigated public facilities was ranged from $55\%\;to\;70\%$ but there was no significant difference among them (p>0.05). The mean I/O ratio of culturable total and respirable concentrations were 0.56 and 0.64 in hospital, 0.72 and 0.91 in kindergarten, 0.33 and 0.45 in day-care center, and 0.63 and 0.73 in postpartum nurse center, respectively. Indoor concentration of airborne fungi did not correlated significantly with indoor temperature and relative humidity (p>0.05) but had a significant positive correlation with $CO_2$ concentration (p<0.01) and surrounding condition (p<0.05). Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were estimated to over $95\%$ of total airborne fungi identified in the investigated public facilities.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2007

Recently, there is increasing interest in indoor air pollution. Fungal spores are one of the pollutants that is the causes of hypersensitivity reactions, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis. This study was performed to assess the levels of fungi concentration in public facilities and airborne fungi were collected with the air sampler using DRBC(Dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol) agar. It was found that airborne fungi concentration were related to the humidity and the people movement. 10 genera of fungi was isolated and identified and the most common culturable fungi were Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Aspergillus.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2014

Objectives: We measured the concentrations of culturable airborne fungi (CAF) in enclosed environments at 16 underground subway stations of the Seoul Metro in 2013, and investigated the effect of environmental factors, including temperature, relative humidity, the number of passengers, and distance from the platform. Methods: The cultured fungi were identified by the lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) staining method and were classified by observing the form, shape, and color of colony. A nonparametric analysis was used to determine if the differences in the concentrations of CAF were statistically significant. Results: The concentrations of CAF at the stations were the highest in station p ($367CFU/m^3$) with arange between 3 and $437CFU/m^3$. There was a significant correlation between CAF concentration and the distance from platform (r = 0.544, p < 0.01). Geotrichum spp. and Penicillium spp. were the predominant species. Conclusion: It is recommended that special attention be given during rush hour, which is in the morning (08:00-10:00) and in the early evening (18:00-19:00) to improve the indoor air quality of the subway stations.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to assess temporal changes in the level of culturable airborne fungi (CAF) in three microbiology laboratories and determine the environmental factors associated with CAF level. Methods: CAF levels were determined once per month from March 2011 to February 2012 in three microbiology laboratories. An Andersen one-stage sampler was used for five minutes, three times per day to collect the CAF. Arithmetic means of CAF concentrations and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. A Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare the differences between environmental factors such as divided room by structure of laboratory, use of humidifier, and use of air-conditioner. Correlation analysis was also applied to identify the association between CAF concentrations and environmental factors. Results: CAF levels demonstrated an increasing tendency in summer, and the three laboratories showed consistent seasonal patterns. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) were associated with CAF levels. When the humidifier was off, CAF concentrations were significantly higher in study rooms than in study rooms in which the humidifier was on. Conclusion: CAF levels in indoor microbiology laboratories varied greatly depending upon the temperature and RH and whether a humidifier was used.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.61-80
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• 2013

Quantification of viable forms of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) using culture-dependent methods was done in order to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ). Role of those factors, which may influence the concentration of viable counts of bacteria and fungi, like ventilation, occupancy, outdoor concentration and environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were also determined. Volumetric-infiltration sampling technique was employed to collect air samples both inside and outside the schools. As regard of measurements of airborne viable culturable microflora of schools during one academic year, the level of TVMCs in school buildings was ranged between 803-5368 cfu/$m^3$. Viable counts of bacteria (VBCs) were constituted 63.7% of the mean total viable microbial counts where as viable counts of fungi (VFCs) formed 36.3% of the total. Mean a total viable microbial count (TVMCs) in three schools was 2491 cfu/$m^3$. Outdoor level of TVMCs was varied from 736-5855 cfu/$m^3$. Maximum and minimum VBCs were 3678-286 cfu/m3 respectively. Culturable fungal counts were ranged from 268-2089 cfu/$m^3$ in three schools. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was indicated that indoor concentration of viable community reliant upon outdoor concentration. Temperature seemed to have a large effect (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) on the concentration of viable culturable microbial community rather than relative humidity. Consistent with the analysis and findings, the concentration of viable cultural counts of bacteria and fungi found indoors, were of several orders of magnitude, depending upon the potential of local, spatial and temporal factors, IO ratio appeared as a crucial indicator to identify the source of microbial contaminants.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

울산 소재 초등학교 3곳의 교실과 복도에서, 배양가능한 공기중 세균과 진균의 농도를 조사하고, 이들 미생물을 분리한 후 동정하였다. 세균과 진균의 포집에는 충돌식 공기 채취기를 사용하였으며, 세균수와 진균수의 측정에는 각각 plate count agar와 dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar를 사용하였다. 학기 중 세균 농도는 교실에서 $168{\sim}3,887MPN/m^3$ 복도에서 $168{\sim}6,339MPN/m^3$의 범위였으며, 진균 농도는 교실에서 $34{\sim}389MPN/m^3$, 복도에서 $91{\sim}507MPN/m^3$의 범위로, 상황과 학교에 따른 측정값의 편차는 세균에서 진균보다 더 크게 나타났다. 분리한 세균의 84%는 그람양성으로 관찰되었는데, 전체 시험한 세균의 61%는 Micrococcus 속으로, 이중 75%는 M. luteus로 확인되었으며, Staphylococcus속은 전체의 10%수준이었다. Micrococcus 속의 주요 발생원은 사람으로 생각되며, 함유한 색소나 높은 세포벽 함량 등의 생리적 특징이 이들 세균의 공기중 생존력을 높이는 것으로 추측된다. 포집한 시료로부터 15속의 사상성 진균을 확인할 수 있었으며, Cladosporium 속, Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속 등이 분리한 진균의 69%를 차지하였다. 1개 학교의 교실에서는 Stachybotrys속이 검출되었는데, 이 속의 S. chartarum은 많은 진균독소를 생산하는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 독소생산과 관련이 깊은 Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속, Stachybotrys 속에 대한 종 수준에서의 동정, 분리한 진균의 독소생산능력, 공기중 진균독소 검출 및 진균 농도와의 상관관계 분석 등에 대한 보다 체계적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.300-309
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate microbial exposure hazards in the metal-working fluids(MWF) handling industry. Methods: Air quality parameters(airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and oil mist) and bulk MWF in storage tanks were evaluated at 54 points at nine sites in South Korea. Results: The geometric means(GM) of culturable airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and oil mist concentration were $133CFU/m^3$(n=376, range $7{\sim}6,510CFU/m^3$), $159CFU/m^3$(n=381, range $7{\sim}8,469CFU/m^3$), $8.06EU/m^3$(n=103, range $0.34{\sim}280.4EU/m^3$) and $0.20mg/m^3$(n=104, range $0.01{\sim}2.87mg/m^3$), respectively. The ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration was 2.7 for bacteria, 6.1 for endotoxin, and 4.8 for oil mist. Even though average airborne bacteria concentration did not exceed recommended exposure limits($1,000CFU/m^3$), MWF in the storage tanks was highly contaminated with bacteria(arithmetic mean $2.1{\times}10^6CFU/ml$) and exceeded recommended bacteria limits($10^5CFU/ml$). Conclusions: It is necessary for MWF handling workplaces to conduct periodical biohazard inspection of MWF storage tanks. Additionally, further research may be necessary to establish biological occupational exposure limits.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2012

퇴비화 시설과 매립장에서 발생하는 bioaerosol은 작업자 및 주민에게 건강상 위해의 요인이 될 수 있다. 이들 시설에서 공기 중 세균과 진균의 농도 수준을 파악하기 위해 울산시에 위치한 퇴비화 시설과 매립장에서 계절별로 bioaerosol 시료를 포집하였다. 공기중 세균의 농도는 퇴비화 시설에서 평균 $6.5{\times}10^3\;(1.5{\times}10^2-1.5{\times}10^4)\;MPN/m^3$, 퇴비화 시설 출입구에서 평균 $3.9{\times}10^3\;(6.0{\times}10^1-9.3{\times}10^3)\;MPN/m^3$이었는데, 이는 대조군 지점보다 각각 460배와 280배 더 높은 수준이었다. 대장균군 세균은 퇴비화 시설과 출입구에서 모두 검출되었다. 매립장에서 공기중 세균 농도는 평균 $4.9{\times}10^2\;(1.7{\times}10^2-1.0{\times}10^3)\;MPN/m^3$이었고, 퇴비화 시설과 매립장에서 100 m 정도 떨어진 매립장 주차장에서는 평균 $3.7{\times}10^2\;(4.8{\times}10^1-1.3{\times}10^3)\;MPN/m^3$이었으며, 이는 대조군 지점에 비해 각각 35배와 26배 더 높은 수준이었다. 공기중 세균을 분리하여 잠정적으로 동정한 결과 퇴비화 시설에서는 Pseudomonas luteola, 대조군 지점에서는 Micrococcus sp.가 우점하였다. 채취 지점별 공기중 진균의 농도는 평균 $4.8{\times}10^2-7.9{\times}10^2\;MPN/m^3$이었으며, 대조군 지점에 비해 2.1-3.4배 더 높은 수준이었다. 공기중 진균의 경우 Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium의 3속은 모든 지점에서 검출되었으며, Aspergillus 속은 퇴비화 시설의 bioaerosol에서만 확인되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2011

하수처리시설에서 발생하는 공기중 미생물은 작업자 및 주민에게 건강상 위해의 요인이 될 수 있다. 이들 시설에서 공기중 세균과 진균의 농도 수준을 파악하기 위해 울산시에 위치한 위생처리장 1곳(YC-STP)과 하수처리장 3곳(YY-, OS-, HY-STP)의 포기조와 포기조 근처 지점에서 계절별로 공기중 미생물을 포집하였다. YC-STP의 공기중 세균 농도는 포기조에서 $1.3({\pm}0.2){\times}10^3-2.6({\pm}1.1){\times}10^4$ MPN/$m^3$, 포기조 근처에서 $1.7 ({\pm}1.0){\times}10^2-7.2({\pm}2.2){\times}10^3$ MPN/$m^3$로 매우 높았으며, 대장균군도 검출되었다. YY-, OS-, HY-STP의 공기중 세균 농도는 포기조에서 $1.9({\pm}1.2){\times}10^1-1.8({\pm}1.2){\times}10^4$ MPN/$m^3$, 포기조 근처에서 $5.0({\pm}2.8){\times}10^0-6.6({\pm}2.0){\times}10^3$ MPN/$m^3$의 범위였다. YC-, OS-, YY-STP에서의 공기중 세균 농도는 대조군 지점에 비해 평균값 기준으로 포기조에서는 16-1,200배, 포기조 근처에서는 9-280배 정도 더 높은 수치였으며, 포기조 근처(10 m)보다 포기조(0 m)에서 1.7-4.4배 정도 더 높았다. 공기중 세균을 분리하여 동정한 결과 하수처리시설에서는 Pseudomonas luteola, 대조군 지점에서는 Micrococcus sp.가 우점하였다. 공기중 진균의 농도는 포기조 보다 포기조 근처에서 더 높았으며 포기조 외에 다른 주요 발생원이 존재함을 시사한다. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium의 3속이 주로 검출되었다.