• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1485-1491
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• 2016

PSf/D2EHPA/CNT beads were prepared by immobilizing di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) on polysulfone (PSf) and used to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Optimum pH was in the range of 4 to 6. The removal kinetic of Cu(II) by the prepared PSf/D2EHPA/CNT beads was mainly governed by internal diffusion, and the diffusion coefficient of Cu(II) by PSf/D2EHPA/CNT beads was found to be $2.19{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}2.64{\times}10^{-4}cm^2/s$. The Langmuir isotherm model predicted the experimented data well. The maximum removal capacity of Cu(II) obtained from this isotherm was 7.32 mg/g. Calculated thermodynamic parameters such as ${\Delta}G^o$, ${\Delta}H^o$ and ${\Delta}S^o$ showed that the adsorption of Cu(II) ions onto PSf/D2EHPA/CNT beads was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic at 293-323 K.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2007

The smaller size and higher integration of advanced electronic package systems result in severe electrochemical reliability issues in microelectronic packaging due to higher electric field under high temperature and humidity conditions. Under these harsh conditions, electronic components respond to applied voltages by electrochemical ionization of metal and the formation of a filament, which leads to short-circuit failure of an electronic component, which is termed electrochemical migration. This work aims to evaluate electrochemical migration susceptibility of the pure Sn, Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys in $Na_{2}SO_{4}$. The water drop test was performed to understand the failure mechanism in a pad patterned solder alloy. The polarization test and anodic dissolution test were performed, and ionic species and concentration were analyzed. Ag and Cu additions increased the time to failure of Pb-free solder in 0.001 wt% $Na_{2}SO_{4}$ solution at room temperature and the dendrite was mainly composed of Sn regardless of the solders. In the case of SnAg solders, when Ag and Cu added to the solders, Ag and Cu improved the passivation behavior and pitting corrosion resistance and formed inert intermetallic compounds and thus the dissolution of Ag and Cu was suppressed; only Sn was dissolved. If ionic species is mainly Sn ion, dissolution content than cathodic deposition efficiency will affect the composition of the dendrite. Therefore, Ag and Cu additions improve the electrochemical migration resistance of SnAg and SnAgCu solders.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2003

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. Using extrapolation method of X-ray diffraction patterns for the polycrystal $CuGaSe_2$, it was found tetragonal structure whose lattice constant $a_0$ and $c_0$ were $5.615{\AA}$ and $11.025{\AA}$, respectively. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CuGaSe_2$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the hot wall epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $5.01\times10^{17}cm^{-3}$ and $245cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293K. respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CuGaSe_2$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g$(T)=1.7998 eV-($8.7489\times10^{-4}$ eV/K)$T^2$/(T+335K). After the as-grown $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films was annealed in Cu-, Se-, and Ga-atmospheres, the origin of point defects of $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films has been investigated by the photoluminescence(PL) at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{CU},\;V_{Se},\;Cu_{int}$ and $Se_{int}$ obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donors or acceptors type. And we concluded that the heat-treatment in the Cu-atmosphere converted $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films to an optical n-type. Also, we confirmed that Ga in $CuGaSe_2$/GaAs did not form the native defects because Ga in $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films existed in the form of stable bonds.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2023

0.75(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃-0.25SrTiO₃ (BNT-25ST) ceramics with high densities were successfully prepared at a sintering temperature of 1,000℃ by adding a mixture of 1 mol% CuO and 0.5 mol% Na₂CO₃ or 0.5 mol% CuO and 0.25 mol% Na₂CO₃. Double polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis curves and sprout-shaped bipolar strain-electric field (S-E) hysteresis curves with small negative strains were observed in the pristine and CuO-added BNT-25ST ceramics whereas the Na₂CO₃-added sample showed similar P-E and S-E curves to a typical ferroelectric. The pristine BNT-25ST ceramics showed an extremely large strain and a large-signal piezoelectric strain constant (d₃₃^*): 0.287 % at 80 kV/cm and 850 pm/V at 20 kV/cm. Similar values, 0.248 % at 80 kV/cm and 655 pm/V at 20 kV/cm, were obtained in the CuO-added sample. However, the pristine and CuO-added samples showed large hysteresis in unipolar S-E curves at an electric field of less than 20 kV/cm. The Na₂CO₃-added sample showed smaller values of the strain and d₃₃^* but displayed a linear change and small hysteresis in the unipolar S-E curve. The co-added sample with CuO and Na₂CO₃ displayed intermediate P-E and S-E hysteresis curves.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.167.2-167.2
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• 2015

고 이동도(~10 cm/Vs), 낮은 공정온도 및 높은 투과율 등의 특성을 갖는 산화물 반도체는 저 소비전력, 대면적화 및 고해상도 LCD Panel에 적합한 재료로서 현재 일부 Mobile Panel 및 TFT-LCD Panel의 양산에 적용되고 있으나, 향후 UHD급(4 K, 8 K)의 대형, 고해상도 Panel에의 적용을 위해서는 30 cm2/Vs 이상의 고 이동도 재료의 개발 및 저 저항 배선의 적용에 따른 소자 신뢰성의 개선이 필요하다. Cu는 대표적인 저 저항 배선 재료로 일부 양산에 적용되고 있으나, Cu 전극과 산화물 반도체의 계면에서 Cu원자의 확산 및 Cu-O 층의 형성에 의한 소자 특성 저하의 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 고 이동도의 In doped-ZTO계 산화물 반도체를 기반으로 채널 층과 Cu source-Drain layer의 계면에서의 Cu element의 거동 및 TFT 소자 특성과의 상관관계를 고찰하고, 계면에 형성된 Cu-O layer에 대해 높은 전자 친화도를 갖는 Ca element를 첨가에 의한 TFT 소자 특성의 변화를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 효과로 인한 소자 신뢰성의 향상을 기대하였으며, 우선 In doped-ZTO 채널 층에 Cu와 CuCa 2at% source-drain을 적용한 TFT 특성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, Cu는 Field-effect mobility: ~17.67 cm2/Vs, Sub-threshold swing: 0.76 mV/decade 및 Vth:, 4.40 V의 결과가 얻어졌으며 CuCa 2at%의 경우 Field-effect mobility: ~17.84 cm2/Vs, Sub-threshold swing: 0.86 mV/decade 및 Vth:, 5.74 V의 결과가 얻어졌다. 소자신뢰성 측면에서도 Bias Stress의 변화량 ${\delta}Vth$의 경우 Cu : 4.48 V에 대해 CuCa 2at% : 2.81 V로 ${\delta}Vth$:1.67 V의 개선된 결과를 얻었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.526-532
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• 2015

신 기후변화대응(Post 2020)을 위한 대체에너지의 역할과 더불어 태양전지의 중요성이 높아져 가고 있다. 태양전지의 종류는 크게 재료관점에서 보면 유기물과 무기물 계열로 구분할 수 있지만 대규모 발전역할에서는 현재까지 실리콘과 같이 양산성과 안정성 기반의 무기물 태양전지가 주된 역할을 하고 있다. 특히 최근 몇 년간 화합물반도체 태양전지에 대한 연구는 급속도로 가속화되면서 3-5족 적층형 태양전지, chalcopyrite 계열 $CuInGa(S,Se)_2$ (CIGSSe) 태양전지와 kesterite 계열 $Cu_2ZnSn(S,Se)_4$ (CZTSSe) 태양전지 연구가 대표적으로 주류를 이루어 왔다. 따라서 화합물반도체 태양전지에서 주류를 이루고 있는 3-5족 적층형, CIGSSe 및 CZTSSe 태양전지들의 연구개발동향 및 기술적인 주요내용들에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2023

Glucose detection is particularly important for clinical diagnosis and personal prevention and control. Herein, the smartphone-based amperometric glucose sensors were constructed using the NiS/CuS nanorods (NRs) as sensing electrodes. The NiS/CuS NRs were prepared through a facile hydrothermal process accompanied by the subsequent vulcanization treatment. The morphological and structural properties of NiS/CuS NRs were characterized with SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS. Electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy display that NiS/CuS NRs can act as highly efficient electrocatalyst for glucose detection. The NiS/CuS NRs electrodes present a wide detection range of 1-8000 µM for glucose sensing with the sensitivity of 956.38 µA·mM^-1·cm^-2. The detection limit was 0.35 µM (S/N=3). When employed in smartphone-based glucose sensing device, they also display a high sensitivity of 738.09 µA·mM^-1·cm^-2 and low detection limit of 1.67 µM. Moreover, the smartphone-based glucose sensing device also presents favorable feasibility in determination of glucose in serum samples with the recoveries ranging between 99.5 and 105.8%. The results may provide a promising viewpoint to design other new portable glucose sensors.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.421-425
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• 1980

Cu(Ⅱ) 이온이 교환된 zeolite Y에 푸란이 흡착되는 형태를 알아보기 위해, 푸란과 2-메틸푸란이 흡착될 때 나타나는 EPR 스펙트럼을 조사하였다. 푸란이 흡착되면, Cu(Ⅱ) 이온의 흡수 피이크는 감소되면서 g-factor가 2.002, 피이크폭이 8 gauss인 단일 흡수피이크가 나타난다. 메틸기가 치환된 2-메틸푸란이 Cu(15)Y에 흡착되면, 푸란고리 및 메틸기의 수소에 의한 초미세구조가 나타나며, 구리의 이온 교환도가 커지면, 초미세구조는 약해진다. 푸란이 Cu(Ⅱ) 이온이 교환된 zeolite Y에 흡착되어 나타나는 새로운 흡수피이크는 Cu(Ⅱ) 이온과 푸란고리사이에 형성된 전하이동착물에 의한 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.53.1-53.1
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• 2011

현재 태양전지시장에서 비중이 많은 실리콘 태양전지는 높은 효율에 비해 제조 단가가 비싸다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이에 비해 칼코파라이트 구조의 $CuInSe_2$ (CIS)계 화합물은 직접 천이형 반도체로서 높은 광흡수 계수($1{\times}105cm-{\acute{e}1$)와 밴드갭 조절의 용이성 및 열적 안정성 등으로 인해 고효율 박막 태양전지용 광흡수층 재료로 많은 관심을 끌고 있다. CIS 계 물질에 속하는 Cu(InGa)$Se_2$ (CIGS) 태양전지의 경우 양산화에 sputtering방식사용하고 Showa Shell에서는 대면적 CIGS 모듈 효율 13.4%를 달성한 바 있다. 현재 CIGS는 열처리하는 방법으로 selenization 공정을 사용하는데 이 공정은 유독한 $H_2Se$ gas를 이용해야 한다는 점과 긴 시간 동안 열처리를 해야 하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 본 연구에서는 전자빔을 사용하여 후속 공정을 실시하였다. 전자빔을 사용할 경우 낮은 온도에서 precursor를 처리하며 짧은 시간에 공정이 끝난다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 sodalime glass위에 조성비(Cu 60.87% Se 38.66%)인 Cu_2Se$ target(4.002"${\times}0.123$") 을 DC sputter를 이용하여 DC power를 50W,100W를 주고 Working pressure를 20,15,10,5,3,1mtorr로 조절하여 증착하였다. 전자빔의 세기 조건을 3Kv, Rf power 200W, Ar 7sccm로 전자빔 조사 시간을 1,2,3,4,5min으로 늘려가며 최적화 실험 하였고 최적화된 조건으로 $Cu_2Se$ target에 조사 하였다. 박막의 특성평가는 전자빔 조사 전/후에 대해 XRD, SEM, XRF, Hall measurement, UV-VIS을 이용하여 분석평가를 하였다. 이 실험은 $Cu_2Se$상이 자라는 특성과 표면 상태에 따라 CIGS박막을 증착하였을 때 나타나는 효율 변화를 알아 보기위한 초기 공정 실험이다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.1
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• pp.352-356
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• 2003

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal am films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. Using extrapolation method of X-ray diffraction patterns for the polycrystal $CuGaSe_2$, it was found tetragonal structure whose lattice constant $a_0$ and $c_0$ were $5.615\;{\AA}\;and\;11.025\;{\AA}$, respectively. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CuGaSe_2$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the hot wall epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively, The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $9.24{\times}10^{16}\;cm^{-3}$ and $295\;cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CuGaSe_2$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)\;:\;1.7998\;eV\;-\;(8.7489\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;eV/K)T^2(T\;+\;335\;K)$. After the as-grown $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films was annealed in Cu-, Se-, and Ga-atmospheres, the origin of point defects of $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films has been investigated by the photoluminescence(PL) at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{CU}$, $V_{Se}$, $CU_{int}$, and $Se_{int}$, obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donors or accepters type. And we concluded that the heat-treatment in the Cu-atmosphere converted $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films to an optical n-type. Also, we confirmed that Ga in $CuGaSe_2/GaAs$ did not form the native defects because Ga in $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films existed in the form of stable bonds.