• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1099-1107
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• 1992

The apparent strain of temperature self-compensated strain gages at cryogenic temperature is presented. By joining the international round robin test on electrical strain gages at cryogenic temperatures, apparent strain curves of up to the fourth order with respect to the temperature are obtained with different strain gages and different materials. The liquid nitrogen and the liquid helium are employed to get the cryogenic environment. The results can be effectively utilized to determine the real strains by mechanical loading at cryogenic temperature. This paper also describes the optimal selection of strain gages and test materials for the use of strain gages at cryogenic temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.163-167
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• 2003

The large deformation at cryogenic temperature would be one of the effective methods to produce large bulk UFG materials. The effects of annealing temperature 150∼300$^{\circ}C$, on microstructure and mechanical properties of the sheets received 85% reduction at cryogenic temperature were investigated. In comparison with those at room temperature. Annealing of 5083 Al alloy deformed 85%, at 200$^{\circ}C$ for an hour, results in the considerable increase of tensile elongation without the great loss of strength and the occurrence of equiaxed grains less than 300nm in diameter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.49-52
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• 2005

In the development of a propellant tank using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, the improvement of microcrack resistance of carbon/epoxy composites is necessary for the application of a composite material to tank structures. In this research, two types of carbon/epoxy composites with different matrix systems were tested to measure interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), one of the material properties to evaluate fiber-matrix interface adhesion indirectly. Short beam specimens were tested inside an environmental chamber at room temperature(RT) and at cryogenic temperature( - 150 $^{\circ}C$) respectively. Results showed that the matrix system with large amount of bisphenol-A and CTBN modified rubber had good performance at cryogenic temperature.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2004

The large deformation at cryogenic temperature is expected as one of the effective methods to produce large bulk ultrafine grained materials. The effects of annealing temperature, 150∼$300^{\circ}C$, on microstructures and mechanical properties of the sheets received 85% reduction at cryogenic temperature were investigated, in comparison with those at room temperature. Annealing of 5083 Al alloy deformed 85%, at $200^{\circ}C$ for an hour,. resulted in the considerable increase of tensile elongation without the great loss of strength and the occurrence of equiaxed grains less than 300nm in diameter.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.455-460
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• 2004

The deformation and annealing behaviors of a 1050 Al alloy deformed at cryogenic temperature were investigated, focusing on the evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties. Especially, the effects of annealing temperature, $150~300^{\circ}C$, on microstructures and mechanical properties of the sheets received reduction of 88% at cryogenic temperature were investigated. The significant change in mechanical properties with the annealing temperatures of $200~300^{\circ}C$ would be attributed to the variations in the volume fraction of recrystallized grains and coarse equiaxed grains.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2003

Effects of cryogenic treatment and tempering temperature on the amount of retained austenite, hardness and wear properties has been investigated using alloy tool steel, STD 11. Cryogenic treatments were performed at the temperatures of $-100^{\circ}C$, $-150^{\circ}C$ and $-196^{\circ}C$, and tempering were performed at $200^{\circ}C$ and $530^{\circ}C$. It was shown that lower hardness value was obtained on high temperature ($530^{\circ}C$) tempering even after cryogenic treatment. And retained austenite was not entirely transformed to martensite after cryogenic treatment even at $-196^{\circ}C$, which was not consistent with the belief that $-80^{\circ}C$ was sufficient to entirely transform any austenite retained in the quenched microstructure. Austenite retained in cryogenic treated condition was completely transformed to martensite only after tempering at $530^{\circ}C$. As far as wear test conditions in this investigation, it was found that cryogenic treatments improved the sliding wear resistance, but improvement of wear resistance was not directly related with retained austenite contents. And it was found that predominent wear mechanisms of STD 11 steel were oxidation wear and adhesive wear In sliding wear conditions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.343-351
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• 1998

This paper was investigated degradation of the fracture toughness caused by sensitizing heat-treatment of the cryogenic structural material JN1 base metal using unloading compliance method reported as useful a method in evaluating the elastic-plastic fracture toughness at cryogenic temperature. The specimens used in this paper were 20% side-grooved 0.5T-CT specimens which were machined in the JN1 base metal. Also, to investigate cryogenic fracture toughness of the fusion line region in the JN1 GTA weldments, it was also used 20% side-grooved 0.5T-CT specimens that was machined fusion line to located in the middle of the specimen. The cryogenic fracture toughness values of the JN1 base metal were significantly decreased with increasing the time and temperature of the heat treatment. The fracture toughness value obtained from the fusion line specimen was invalid, but it was lower value than that of the JN1 base metal. Especially, this value was approximately equal with that obtained from the JN1 650.deg. C-5h heat-treated material.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 2011

Austenitic stainless steels of 300 series are widely used as the structural material due to excellent their cryogenic mechanical properties at cryogenic temperature. There are 316 steel which molybdenum is added to improve the austenitic stability, 316L which carbon contents is reduced to decrease the grain boundary precipitation during welding process, and 316LN which nitrogen is added to improve the austenitic stability and the mechanical strength. But material researches for the welding conditions and mechanical properties at the cryogenic temperature were insufficient so far. In this paper, the characteristics of mechanical properties considering the effect of welding conditions and cryogenic temperature are studied.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.247-251
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• 2017

Titanium alloy has been widely used in the aerospace industry because of its high strength and good corrosion resistance. During cutting, the low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity of titanium generate a high cutting temperature and accelerates tool wear. To improve cutting tool life, cryogenic machining by using a liquid nitrogen (LN2) jet is suggested. In cryogenic jet cooling, evaporation of LN2 in the tank and transfer tube could cause pressure fluctuation and change the cooling rate. In this work, cooling uniformity is investigated in terms of liquid nitrogen jet pressure in cryogenic jet cooling during titanium alloy turning. Fluctuation of jet spraying pressure causes tool temperature to fluctuate. It is possible to suppress the fluctuation of the jet pressure and improve cooling by using a phase separator. Measuring tool temperature shows that consistent LN2 jet pressure improves cryogenic cooling uniformity.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.957-958
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• 2007

The conduction-cooled HTS SMES magnet is operated in cryogenic temperature. The insulation design at cryogenic temperature is an important element that should be established to accomplish miniaturization that is a big advantage of HTS SMES. However, the behaviors of insulators for cryogenic conditions in air or vacuum are virtually unknown. Therefore, we need active research and development of insulation concerning application of the conduction-cooled HTS SMES. Specially, this paper was studied about high vacuum and cryogenic temperature breakdown and flashover discharge characteristics between cryocooler and magnet-coil. The breakdown and surface flashover discharge characteristics were experimented at cryogenic temperature and vacuum. Also, we were experimented about mechanical properties of 4-point bending test. From the results, we confirmed that about research between cryocooler and magnet-coil established basic data in the insulation design.