• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2008

Trichophyton erinacei is a dermatophyte pathogen that infects both humans and hedgehogs. A two-month old female four-toed hedgehog presented to the Chonbuk Animal Medical Center with pruritus, excoriation and crust on her face for ten days. The owner of the hedgehog also exhibited the clinical signs of scaly erythema with fine vesicles on her neck. A presumptive diagnosis of dermatophytosis was made based on the results of an acetate tape preparation in which hyphae and chains of arthroconidia were observed. The crusts from the lesions were then cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for identification. After 10 days of incubation, downy colored colonies that had a central umbo with a white granular surface and a yellow pigment ring in the reverse were observed. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of numerous teardrop shaped microconidia singly attached to the sides of the hyphae. In addition, 2-6 roomed macroconidia that were somewhat irregular in shape and size were present, and abundant intermediate sized spores were observed between the micro and macro conidia. To confirm that the culture was T. erinacei, the internal transcribed spacer region of the 5.8S phase of the ribosomal RNA gene (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA) was amplified by PCR and then sequenced. A 679-base pair fragment of DNA was then compared with sequences in GenBank and found to be 99% homologous with sequences of T. erinacei (Z97997 and Z97996. The clinical signs were resolved after four weeks of treatment with oral and topical ketoconazole and chlorhexidine. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first case of T. erinacei isolated from a four-toed hedgehog in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.607-614
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of sponge cakes with added rice flour produced by a modified genoise method to prevent volume reduction. A control group and experimental group I were prepared by the genoise method and experimental groups II, III, and IV were produced by a modified genoise method in which they were mixed with wheat flour and water to a make paste to form gluten for 3, 6, and 9 minutes, respectively. One third of the wheat flour in all experimental groups was replaced by rice flour. The control and experimental groups were compared in terms of quality characteristics, including batter specific gravity, volume, color, textural characteristics, and sensory qualities, to determine the optimal pasting time for wheat flour in the formulation. The specific gravity of the experimental groups was higher than that of the control and decreased with increasing wheat flour pasting time. The volume of experimental group I was lower than that of the control group, and the volume values of experimental groups III and IV, made by the modified genoise method, were higher than that of the control group. $dL^*$ and $db^*$values for the crust and inside of the cake were lower in the experimental groups than in the control. The $dL^*$ value, indicating brightness, increased as pasting time increased. The hardness values of experimental groups I and IV were higher than that of the control whereas experimental groups II and III had lower hardness values. Chewiness was higher in the control group, as well as experimental groups I and IV than in the experimental groups II and III. The gumminess of experimental group IV was highest. Cohesiveness decreased by adding rice flour to the sponge cake. Sensory attributes of cell uniformity, tenderness, moistness, taste, and overall acceptability had the highest scores in experimental group III. Based on these results, we conclude that the quality of sponge cake containing one third of the wheat flour replaced by rice flour is best with 6 minutes pasting of the wheat flour to form gluten.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.92-105
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• 1999

The Cretaceous Chaeyaksan basaltic rocks consist mainly of basaltic tuffs intercalating three layers of basalt. Stratigraphically, the rocks are located between the upper Songnaedong Formation and the lower Geoncheonri Formation and contain plagioclase, augite, hornblende, and a few olivine phenocrysts. Geochemically, they show calc-alkaline characteristics in some immobile element content, but show the alkaline suite feature in the mobile major element composition. The basalts are widely spilitized but some of them is altered to shoshonitic rocks with more calcic plagioclase, calcite, and chlorite, and adularia veinlets are common in the rocks. It is supposed that the post-eruption alteration of the rocks is done through alkali-replacement by hydrothermal solution or vapor rather than by low grade regional metamorphism. It is considered that A1 in hornblende will be available for estimating the pressure of the pre-eruption magma in the reservoir although the plagioclase of the rocks are highly albitized. The crystallization pressure was calculated as 5.7Kb by the equation of Johnson and Rutherford(l989) incorporating of the effect of overestimate of .41T in hornblende in the case of quartz-free rocks. Application of the estimated temperature, pressure and the constituent of phenocrysts of the rocks to the experimental P-T phase diagram for basalts established by Green(1982) indicates the crystallization course and succession of growth of the phenocrysts during of rising and cooling of the magma reservoir; augite + augite and olivine + augite, olivine, and hornblende -+ augite and hornblende+ augite, hornblende, and plagioclase. Such evolution course of the magma may include crystal fractionation by the phenocrysts crystallization and contamination by country rock in lower crust.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1992

The preservative effect of chitosan film packing on quality of lightly-salted and dried horse mackerel was studied. In preparation of chitosan film, blue crab shell chitosan was dissolved in dilute acetic acid$(1.0\%,\;v/v)$, filtered, and spreaded on plastic plate and dried at $50\pm2^{\circ}C$. The chitosan film thus obtained was neutralized with 1.0N NaOH for 2 hrs and dried at room temperature after washing several times with distilled water. The lightly-salted and dried horse mackerel product was prepared by drying for 4 hrs at $40\pm2^{\circ}C$ in hot air dryer after packing with the chitosan film. During storage at $5.0\pm0.5^{\circ}C$, moisture content of the product was higher than that of the reference, but contents of VBN(volatile basic nitrogen) , amino nitrogen, and TMA of the product on dry basis were lower than those of the reference. Viable cell count, TBA value, and peroxide value of the product were also lower than those of the reference. Judging from the result of sensory evaluation, the chitosan film packing in the storage of lightly-salted and dried horse mackerel was remarkably elongated shelf-life of the product. From the results of chemical and sensory evaluation, it was concluded that chitosan film packing was an effective method for retaining the quality of lightly-salted and dried horse mackerel.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1992

To utilize shellfish by-products effectively, chitin, chitosan, and microcrystalline chitin were prepared from 6 kinds of crustacean shells(Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba; Red snow crab, Chinonecetes japonicus: Daelongsuyum shrimp, Solenocera prominentis: Lobster, Linuparus trigonus: Gasibal shrimp, Nephrops thomsoni: Blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus) and their functional properties were studied. Apparent volume(AV), settling volume(SV), water binding capacity(WBC), and fat binding capacity(FBC) of various chitins, chitosans, and microcrystalline chitins ranged from $3.1\pm0.1ml/g\;to\;27.0\pm0.2ml/g$ from $5.1\pm0.1ml/g\;to\;45.0\pm0.2ml/g,\;from\;318\pm40g/100g\;to\;2,382\pm12g/100g,\;and\;from\;235\pm20g/100g\;to\;2,169\pm20g/100g$, respectively, and the krill chitin and chitosan had the highest AV, SV, WBC, and FBC of them. Chitins and chitosans did not produce emulsion but microcrystalline chitins showed emulsifying properties. Emulsifying capacity and stability of various microcrystalline chitins ranged from $18.2\pm4.0\%\;to\;50.1\pm2.5\%\;and\;from\;15.2\pm3.5\%\;to\;31.1\pm1.0\%$, respectively. Dye binding capacity of microcrystalline chitins was higher than that of chitins or chitosans.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.323-336
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• 2000

Ultramafic rocks in Choongnam area are mainly serpenitinites which are parent rock of talc and asbestos ore deposits. About 10 $^{\circ}$ NNE-trending parallel serpentinites masses occur as discontineous isolated lenticular intrusive bodies in Precambrian gneiss complex between Hongseong-Kwangcheon line and Onyang-Cheongyang line. The sizes of serpentinites vary from several centimeters to 1 kilometer in width and from several meters to 5 kilometers in length. The serpentinites show high SiO$_2$(39.99wt.% in average), MgO(38.46wt % in average), Cr(>1011ppm), Ni(>1660ppm), and Co(>80ppm). Most serpentinites contain serpentine more than 50%. Some serpentines contain original minerals such as olivine, pyroxene and chromite. Also, serpentinites body may contain a little serpentinized peridotite, and some talc and asbestos ore deposits. The original rocks of the serpentinites interpreted as Alpine type ultramafic rocks, and dunite and/or harzburgite which were originated from slightly depleted upper mantle(30${\sim}$40km deep), and emplaced in the crust through the large fault zones. It seems that main serpentinization from the original rocks was occurred during greenschist and/or amphibolite facies regional metamorphism in Choongnam area.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.141-158
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• 1980

A geologic structure could be formed through various processes, because there are a number of factors which control the deformation of the Earth's crust. In geology, we could call it geological epistemology to describe exactly a geologic structure, and call it geological logics to infer logically the deforming process through which the geologic structure had been formed. Degree of legitimacy of geological logics depends upon the degree of exactness of geological epistemology. This study described quantitatively 3-dimensional Hambaek Syncline through computer analysis, and examined qualitatively into its deforming mechanism based on the results of 3-dimensional analysis of the structure. Input data for the computer analysis are dips and dip directions of bedding planes of the structure. The Hambaek Syncline disclose a minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend and a large scale fold of E-W trend. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) The fold of E-W trend is primary fold $(F_1)$ and the minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend secondary fold $(F_2)$. (2) Hambaek Syncline is cylindrical type fold. (3) Apparent axial trace of Hambaek syncline does not coincide with true axial trace. The apparent axial trace is $N70^{\circ}-80^{\circ}W$ in Gohan and Sabuk area, and changes to $N70^{\circ}-80^{\circ}E$ in the westward of the area, while the true axial trace is $N40^{\circ}-70^{\circ}W$ in the former, and $N60^{\circ}-80^{\circ}E$ in the latter area. (4) Westward dipping of axial plane of the minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend can be attributed to simple shear movements along overthrusts. (5) Angle between axial trace and the directional trace of the maximum principal compressive stress $({\sigma}_1)$ may not be perpendicular each other. The angle between them is governed by the following factors; 1) the plunge of fold axis 2) the dip of axial surface 3) cylindrisity (6) The mean axial trace of Hambaek Syncline $(F_1)$ is $N45.6^{\circ}W$, and the directional trace of ${\sigma}_1$ is $N52.4^{\circ}E$ (7) The mean axial trace of the minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend $(F_2)$ is $N21^{\circ}E$, and the directional trace of ${\sigma}_1$ is $N22^{\circ}W$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1998

Broadband receiver functions are developed from teleseismic P waveforms recorded at Wonju (KSRS), Inchon (IRIS), and Pohang (PHN), and are analyzed to examine the crustal structure beneath the three stations. The teleseismic receiver functions are inverted in the time domain to the vertical P wave velocity structure beneath the stations. Clear P-to-S converted phases from the Moho interface are observed in teleseismic seismograms recorded at the three stations. We estimated the crustal velocity structures beneath the stations using the receiver function inversion. The general features of inversion results are as follows: (1) For Pohang station, there is a high velocity gradient at a 4~5 km deep for SE and NW back azimuth and a low velocity zone at around 10 km deep. The Moho depth is 28 km for NW direction. (2) The shallow crustal structure beneath Wonju station is somewhat complex and there is a high-velocity zone ($V_p{\simeq}6.8km/sec$) at 3 to 4 km deep. The average crustal thickness is 33 km, and a transition zone exists at a 30~33 km deep of lower crust, of which velocity is abruptly changed 6.4 to 7.9 km/sec. (3) For Inchon station, the crustal velocity gradient monotonously increases up to the Moho discontinuity and the velocity is abruptly changed from 6.2 km/sec to 7.9 km/sec at 29 km deep.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.477-491
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• 1997

In the Bibong area of the western part of Chungcheongnam-do, ultramafic masses occur as discontinuous isolated lenticular bodies in the Precambrian Kyeonggi gneiss complex. They extend for about 200 m long to NNE directions which are parallel to fault lines in the gneiss complex. The ultramafic masses contact with the adjacent gneiss complex as steeply dipping faults. They are dunites and harzburgites and many of them are partially or completely serpentinized. The ultramafic rocks dominantly show protogranular, equigranular and equigranular-$m{\grave{o}}saic$ textures. They also show porphyroclastic (megacrystic) or recrystallized textures reflecting several stages of metamorphism. They contain varying amounts of olivine $(Fo_{89-92})$, enstatitic to bronzitic orthopyroxene, diopsidic clinopyroxene, tremolitic to pargasitic hornblende, and spinel with serpentine, talc, chlorite, calcite and magnetite. The ultramafic rocks have high magnesium numbers and transitional element contents, low alkali contents and show deplete REE patterns. Comparing with available data, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics shown in the ultramafic rocks of the Bibong area are similar to those of worldwide mantle xenoliths and orogenic related ultramafic rocks. The field evidences, petrographical, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics shown in the ultramafic rocks of the Bibong area are similar to alpine type ultramafic rocks emplaced into the crust by the faulting as mantle slab types. With the petrographical characteristics, these mineralogical compositions suggest that the ultramafic rocks of the Bibong area have experienced several stages of retrogressive metamorphism in a condition ranging from the upper amphibolite facies to greenschist facies.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to investigate inorganic characteristics of Devonian bitumen carbonates in Alberta using two drilling cores, Saleski 03-34-88-20w4 and Saleski 08-01-88-20w4, taken from the Core Research Center (CRC) of Canada. The bitumen carbonates are mainly composed of less than 0.2 mm dolomites and some carbonate includes small amount of quartz and calcite. The bitumen carbonates from two cores are interpreted to have formed in similar sedimentary environments and dolomitization processes. Carbonates from Saleski 03-34-88-20w4 core were formed under higher inflow of clastic sediment than those from Saleski 08-01-88-20w4 core. Range of crystallization temperature of dolomites in the both bitumen carbonate cores is about 40~$55^{\circ}C$. Dolomitizing fluid of the bitumen carbonates would be Devonian seawater. Bitumen carbonates from Cairn Formation, compared with the CRC cores, have experienced a similar crystallization temperature, but dolmititizing fluid of the bitumen carbonates from Cairn Formation have been modified from the isotopic exchange with continental crust.