• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.117-127
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• 2006

Ginseng is a medicinal herb widely used in Asian countries. Dendritic cells(DCs) play a pivotal role in the initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, making them an attractive cellular adjuvant for use in cancer vaccines. In this study, we examined the effects of Red-ginseng(water extract, edible and fermented ethyl alcohol extract, crude saponin) on the DCs phenotypic and functional maturation. Immature DCs were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, and the generated immature DCs were stimulated by water extract, edible and fermented ethyl alcohol extract, crude saponin and LPS, respectively, for 24hours. The expression of surface co-stimulatory molecules, including MHC(major histocompatibility complex) class II, CD40, CD80 and CD86, was increased on DCs that were stimulated with crude saponin, but antigen-uptake capacity was decreased. The antigen-presenting capacity of Red-ginseng extracts-treated DCs as analyzed by allogeneic T cells proliferation and IL-2, $IFN-{\gamma}$ production was increased. Furthermore, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ syngeneic T cell(OVA-specific) proliferation and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production was significantly increased. However, $CD4^+$ syngeneic T cell secreted higher levels of IL-2 in responding but not $CD8^+$ syngeneic T cell. These results indicate the immunomodulatory properties of Red-ginseng extracts, which might be therapeutically useful in the control of cancers and immunodeficient diseases through the up-regulation of DCs maturation.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 1998

Of crude extracts from 30 species belonging to the 21 families of medical plants, the crude extracts from Cinnamomum cassia, Paeonia moutan, Dictamnus dasycarpus showed highly antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1 and R. solani AG2-2. The antifungal activity of C. cassia and P. moutan against R. solani AG1-1 were the highest through 100% methanol extraction, but the one of D. dasycarpus were the highest through 80% methanol extraction. On the other hand, against R. solani AG2-2 the antifungal activity of them were the highest through 100% methanol. C. cassia P. mouton and D. dasycarpus showed over 60% inhibition of mycelial growth against R. solani AG1-1 and R. solani AG2-2 on up to 500 fold dilution. The crude extract of P. moutan showed broader antifungal spectrum compared with those of C. cassia and D. dasycarpus. The crude extract of C. cassia was not phytotoxic at over 250 fold dilution and the crude extract of P. moutan was not phytotoxic at over 100 fold dilution. The crude extract of D. dasycarpus was not phytotoxic even at full concentration. The control values of P. moutan and D. dasycarpus were increased 75.0% and 79.1% respectively 30 days after treatment.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1987.06a
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• pp.29-37
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• 1987

This study was devised to observe the cytotoxlc activities of petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root(crude Gx) and its partially purified fraction from silicon acid column chromatography(7:3 CX) against sarcoma-180(5-180) and Walker carcinosarcoma 256(Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic lymphocytes(L1210) and human rectal cancer cell(HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells(HT-29 and HCT-48) in vitro . Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentrations of the crude Gx or 7:3 Gx in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7:3 Gx was about 3 times more potent than that of crude Gx, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L121f cells being equivalent to 2.54$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 0.88 $\mu\textrm{g}$ for the crude Gx and 7:3 Gx, respectively. The Rf value of the active compound on silica -gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90:10:1, v/v/v) as a developing solvent was 0.23. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7:3 Gx treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gx. The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude Gx, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2006

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cutting interval and cutting height on the yield and nutrient composition of hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus) when grown on a sandy soil in the Northeast of Thailand. The cutting intervals compared were 30, 40 and 50 days between harvests and the cutting heights 30, 40 and 50 cm above ground level. The experiment was a $3{\times}3$ factorial layout in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications-giving a total of 36 plots each $3{\times}3m^2$. Harvested plant material was weighed, dried and the ground subsamples taken for analyses of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). At the last harvest the hedge lucerne samples were separated to determine leaf to stem ratios and then analyzed for nutrient composition in the leaf and stem. Results showed that increasing the cutting interval (i.e. advancing age of maturity) increased dry matter and nutrient yields significantly. In terms of nutrient content, it also increased the crude fiber, ash, ether extract and nitrogen free extract percent in the plant. However, crude protein percent was markedly decreased as the cutting interval increased. Increasing cutting height had no effect on dry matter yield and yields of nutrients, but in terms of nutrient content, it increased crude protein and ash content, but decreased crude fiber content. The percent EE and NFE in the plant was unaffected by cutting height. From the results presented it is clear that cutting a stand of hedge lucerne every 40 to 50 days will achieve greater dry matter and nutrient yields than cutting more frequently, at 30 days. The cutting height at harvest, whether 30, 40 or 50 cm above ground level had no effect on dry matter or nutrient yields of hedge Lucerne. Hedge lucerne therefore offers the Thai poultry farmer a useful alternative protein supplement for poultry diets rather than relying on the more expensive soybean meal. As it can be readily and successfully grown on a range of soil types and climates throughout Thailand, hedge lucerne also offers the Thai farmer a valuable additional source of income.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.355-359
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• 1995

To find serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-antagonizing activities in traditional herbal drugs, crude extracts from 66 kinds of traditional herbal drugs were randomly screened for inhibitory effects on 5-hydroxytryptophan(HTP)-induced diarrhea in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of 5-HTP(2.5 mg/kg) induced diarrhea in 92% of mice, when observed from 10 to 15 min after injection. Crude extracts(2 g/kg) from 66 kinds of traditional herbal drugs were orally pretreated for 1 h before 5-HTP injection. Of the 66 herbal drugs screened, Ephedrae Herba(麻黃), Cimicifugae Rhizoma(升麻), Anisi stellati Fructus(八角茴香), Aurantii Fructus(枳實), Polygalae Radix(遠志) showed the most potent inhibiting activities against 5-HTP(2.5 mg/kg)-induced diarrhea in mice. There are at least 3 possible mechanisms that would be responsible for the inhibitory effect of crude extracts on 5-HTP-induced diarrhea; 1) crude extract-induced inhibition of the activity of aromatic aminoacid decarboxylase catalyzing the conversion of 5-HTP to 5-HT, 2) crude extract-induced blockade of 5-HT receptor(s) in the gastrointestinal tract responsible for 5-HTP-induced diarrhea, 3) crude extract-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal activity, irrespective of 5-HT system. The exact mechanisms and molecules, responsible for the inhibitory effect of crude extracts on 5-HTP-induced diarrhea remain to be clarified.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.520-525
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of soybean Dasik containing different amounts of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract, and the results were as follows. In general components, the contents of moisture and crude protein increased with an increased amount of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract, whereas the crude fat content showed a tendency to decrease. The ash content was, however, not significantly different. In chromacity, the value of L, lightness, constantly decreased with an increase in the amount of added extract, whereas the a and b values increased. The hardness and gumminess decreased with an increase in the amount of extract added, whereas the springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness increased. In sensory evaluation, the Dasik added with 20% of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract showed the highest score, and was evaluated as the best formulation for overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 1984

In order to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-10.0% of red ginseng extract which chemical composition was 68.14% moisture, 10.11% crude protein, 2.66% crude fat, 5.23% crude ash, 56.90% total sugar, 18.80% reducing sugar and 9.09% crude saponin, respectively, were added to skim milk media. The effect of red ginseng extract on the fermentation and the growth rate of bacteria were tested. The results were as follow. 1. The acidity produced by Str. lactis and L. acidophilus for 24 hrs. were more increased by adding of red ginseng extract than control medium. But the acidity produced by L. helveticus was not significantly increased by adding of red ginseng extract. The fermentation time by Str. lactis and L. acidophilus were shortened by increasing the amount of red ginseng extract. 2. By increasing the amount of red ginseng extract, the acidity produced by lactic acid bacteria especially by Str. lactis and L. acidophilus were increased. 3. The number of bacteria were increased until 1.0% adding of red ginseng extract, but adding more than the above level, the effect was not clearly appeared.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7053-7060
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• 2015

In the present work, novel orange peel was extracted with 100%EtOH (ethanol) and fractionated into four fractions namely F1, F2, F3, F4 which were eluted from paper chromatographs using 100%EtOH, 80%EtOH, 50%EtOH and pure water respectively. The crude extract and its four fractions were evaluated for their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Their cytotoxic activity using WST assay and DNA damage by agarose gel electrophoresis were also evaluated in a human leukemia HL-60 cell line. The findings revealed that F4 had the highest TPC followed by crude extract, F2, F3 and F1. However, the crude extract had the highest TFC followed by F4, F3, F2, and F1. Depending on the values of $EC_{50}$ and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, F4 possessed the strongest antioxidant activity while F1 and F2 displayed weak antioxidant activity. Further, incubation HL-60 cells with extract/fractions for 24h caused an inhibition of cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. F3 and F4 exhibited a high antiproliferative activity with a narrow range of $IC_{50}$ values ($45.9-48.9{\mu}g/ml$). Crude extract exhibited the weakest antiproliferative activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $314.89{\mu}g/ml$. Analysis of DNA fragmentation displayed DNA degradation in the form of a smear-type pattern upon agarose gel after incubation of HL-60 cells with F3 and F4 for 6 h. Overall, F3 and F4 appear to be good sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant and potential anticancer activities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.365-368
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• 1998

The aklavinone 11-hydroxylase which was overexpressed using T7 promoter in E. coli could be detected in SDS-PAGE only in insoluble precipitate without any detectable enzyme activity. The insoluble enzyme was solubilized in 6M guanidine$.$HCl solution and their refolding ability was tested under various conditions. When the enzymatic activity was checked by the bioconversion experiment, stepwise dialysis against 6M, 3M, 1M guanidine$.$HCl and finally 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer of the solubilized protein gave the best bioconversion efficiency. The aklavinone 11-hydroxylase showed its enzymatic activity in the reaction buffer containing NADPH with vigorous shaking. The enzymatic activity was lost during partial purification and regained by the addition of crude extract of S. lividans in the reaction mixture. This effect was confirmed to due to some low-molecular weight component(s) in the crude extract, because the addition of dialyzed crude extract could not recover the enzymatic activity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2007

Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. (Lythraceae), commonly known as Dhayero, is used in the treatment of various ailments in Nepal. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of crude extract and different polarity fractions of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers were assayed for their scavenging abilities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide radicals, competitive ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching, reducing power, metal chelating ability and total phenolic content. Crude extract and polar fractions showed stronger antioxidant capacity and contained very high level of total phenolics. They exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging and reducing power, medium ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching and poor metal chelating capacity. Positive correlation obtained between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity assays, indicated the contribution of phenolics toards antioxidant capacity.