• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2013

본 연구는 농후사료의 조단백질 수준이 거세한우의 육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 한우 거세 송아지 30두를 공시하여, 비육 단계별 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기에 농후사료의 조단백질 수준을 대조구는 육성기; 14%, 비육전기; 13% 및 비육후기; 11%, 처리구는 육성기; 16%, 비육전기; 15% 및 비육후기; 14%로 하여 도체 특성, 육질의 이화학적 특성 및 지방산 조성을 분석하였다. 육질등급에서는 대조구 대비 처리구에서 근내지방도가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 향상되었고, 육질등급을 점수화하여 환산한 결과로는 약 15.6% 정도가 처리구에서 개선되는 경향을 보였다. 도체의 이화학적 특성에서는 처리구에서 수분과 조단백질의 경우 감소하고 조지방은 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 지방산 조성 중 단일불포화지방산 및 올레인산에서 처리구가 대조구 대비 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였다. 따라서, 본 시험의 결과로 육성 및 비육기때 농후사료내 조단백질 수준을 증가시키면 근내지방도, CIE 값의 명도, 올레인산 및 단일 불포화지방산에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 개선되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.107-116
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• 1998

Measurement of DCP is considered inadequate and unsatisfactory means of assessing the protein value of the diet as no distinction is made between the digestion in ferestomach and in the small intestine. Protein meals should be classified on the basis of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (UDP). Usually, protein meals naturally available with high level of UDP or bypass protein value should be preferred for incorporation in the diet of lactating and growing animals. However, if such resources are non-available or are expensive, protein meals having high degradability can be carefully subjected to heat or formaldehyde treatment to achieve desired level of rumen bypassability. Various studies conducted the world over have revealed that bypass protein feeding to ruminants, especially when animals are fed on crop residue based basal diet, help increasing feed conversion efficiency in growing and lactating ruminants.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to provide different levels of dietary protein for optimum growth performance in calves and to investigate the impact on the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in serum. Female Sahiwal calves (n = 12, body weight (BW) = $40{\pm}4.3kg$ and age = $60{\pm}10days$) were selected and divided into three groups with 4 animals in each group. Three diets of T0, T1 and T2 with 18, 20 and 22% of crude protein levels, respectively, were given to the calves to assess the post-weaning growth performance. Calves fed the T2 diet showed a higher (p < 0.05) dry matter (DM) intake than those fed the T0 and T1 diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the calves fed the T2 diet was lower (p < 0.05) than those of the calves fed the T0 and T1 diets. The T2 group had the highest BW (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. The concentration of IGF-1 in serum increased (121.9, 143.3, and 152.9 ng/ml for T0, T1, and T2, respectively) as the crude protein (CP) level increased. Overall, the results of this study suggest that post weaning diets T1 and T2 with 20 and 22% crude protein in Sahiwal female calves had significantly increased the BW and serum IGF-1 concentration. The IGF-1 estimation might be a physiological indicator for growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1304-1308
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• 2000

A total of thirty-six gilts $(24.78{\pm}1.39kg)$ were employed for 38 days (Exp. 1), and twenty-four gilts $(46.50{\pm}1.90kg)$ for 43 days (Exp. 2) to determine growth performance and carcass characteristics in pigs fed dried food waste (DFW). Pigs were allocated by dietary treatments: 0%, 20% and 40% DFW. For nutrient digestibility, twelve female pigs $(50.20{\pm}0.52kg)$ were used in individual pens to collect feces. Food wastes were collected from restaurants and apartment complex areas and dried in a drum-type dryer at $115{\pm}2{^{\circ}C}$. Experimental diets for feeding trials were formulated to contain 3,400 kcal DE/kg and 17% crude protein. The tested DFW contained 2,858 kcal DE/kg, 25.0% crude protein, 17.3% crude fat, 1.37% Ca, 1.28% P, and 3.28% NaCl. As compared to crude protein content, the limiting amino acids (i.e., 0.90% lysine and 0.52% methionine) were low. The digestibilities of energy, ash, calcium and phosphorus in the DFW were generally lower than those in the grower diets, but the digestibilities of crude protein and crude fat were higher in DFW than the grower diet. Feeding DFW in pigs had a linear (p<0.01) effect on ADG and feed/gain as the inclusion levels of DFW were increased (Exp. 1). The ADG of pigs fed 40% DFW was also poorer (p<0.05) than that fed the control diet (Exp. 2). Carcass characteristics in terms of backfat and dressing percentage were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, it seems that the optimal dietary inclusion level of the DFW is about 20% in the diet for growing-finishing pigs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2015

A feeding trial of four dietary protein levels (20, 30, 40, and 50%) and two lipid levels (7 and 14%) with a factorial design was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio. Triplicate groups of fish (average body weight, $1.3{\pm}0.02g$) were fed the experimental diets for 9 weeks. Survival of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or dietary lipid level. Weight gain and feed efficiency increased as dietary protein levels increased up to 40 and 50%, respectively. Weight gain was higher in fish fed the high-lipid diets with 20 and 40% protein content. Feeding efficiency increased as the dietary lipid level increased for the 30, 40, and 50% protein diets. Daily feed intake decreased with increasing protein level and the minimum feed consumption was observed in fish fed the 50% protein diet with 14% lipid content. Moisture and lipid contents of the whole body were affected by both dietary protein and lipid levels. The crude lipid content of fish fed the 14% lipid diet was higher than that of fish fed the 7% lipid diet at each protein level. The results of this study indicate that a diet containing 40% protein with 14% lipid content is optimal for the growth and effective protein utilization of juvenile Israeli carp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.393-402
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• 1995

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive values of supplemental L-lysine, liquid and powder type, and DL-methionine in weanling pigs. For feeding trial, 165 weanling pigs were treated in 2 controls; 18 and 16% CP, 6 supplementations of lysine alone to 16% CP diets; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of liquid and powder type each, and 3 supplementations of lysine + methionine to 15% CP diets; 0.05 + 0.025, 0.1 + 0.05 and 0.2 + 0.1%. Pigs were fed for 5 week to investigate the protein sparing effect of supplemental amino acid, and the optimal supplemental level. A metabolic trial included the measurements of digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, energy, phosphorus and amino acids. The liver acinar cell culture was conducted for the protein synthesis activity of the pigs fed each experimental diet. Supplementation of both type of L-lysine in 16% CP diet showed improved daily weight gain and feed efficiency which were compatible with those of pigs fed 18% CP diet. Groups fed liquid lysine did not differ from those fed powder type in growth performance. Supplementation of lysine and methionine to 15% CP diet did not improve growth performance of pigs to the extent that 18% CP diet was fed. In nutrient digestibility, 16% CP control diet showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower crude protein digestibility than any other treatments. Digestibilities of 16% CP diets with lysine supplementation were equal to that of 18% CP control, while digestibilities of 15% CP diets with the supplementation of lysine + methionine was inferior to that of 18% CP control. Supplementation of lysine alone reduced the nitrogen excretion compared to the none supplemented control groups. However, addition of lysine + methionine excreted more nitrogen than controls. Pigs fed diet supplemented with lysine alone, or lysine + methionine excreted less fecal phosphorus than those fed none supplemetation. Retained protein from liver tissue of pigs fed 18% diet was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those fed 16% CP diet. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in physical type of lysine. Feeding of powder type showed less secreted protein and greater retained protein in the culture of liver acinar cell. It is concluded that supplementation of lysine at the level of 0.1 to 0.2% can spare 2% of dietary protein and reduce nitrogen excretion by 19.3%. Also, no difference in nutritional values was observed between liquid and powder lysine in weanling pigs.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.109-111
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• 1978

보리, 쌀보리, 밀등 3종(種)의 국산맥류(國産麥類)를 공시(公試)하여 도정(搗精)과 제분(製粉)의 두가지 가공방법(加工方法)으로 가공수율(加工收率) 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%의 네 수준(水準)으로 나누어 회분(灰分), 단백질(蛋白質), 지질(脂質) 섬유질(纖維質), Calcium, 철분(鐵分), Thiamine등의 함유율(含有率)을 분석(分析) 조사(調査)하였던바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 가공(加工)된 곡물(穀物)의 회분(灰分), 단백질(蛋白質), 지질(脂質), 섬유질(纖維質), Calcium, 철분(鐵分), Thiamine등의 함유율(含油率)은 도정(搗精)의 경우 제분(製粉)의 경우에 다 같이 가공수율(加工收率)과 정비례관계(正比例關係)에 있었다. 2) 겉보리에서는 도정(搗精)한 것이 제분(製粉)한 것에 비(比)해 평균적(平均的)으로 동일(同一)한 가공수율(加工收率)에서 회분(灰分)은 0.83%, 단백질(蛋白質)은 1.31%, 지질(脂質)은 0.40%, 섬유질(纖維質)은 0.75%, Calcium은 3.03mg%, 철분(鐵分)은 2.40mg%, Thiamine은 0.14mg%가 낮았다. 3) 쌀보리에서는 도정(搗精)한 것이 제분(製粉)한 것에 비(比)해 평균적(平均的)으로 동일(同一)한 가공수율(加工收率)에서 회분(灰分)은 0.41%, 단백질(蛋白質)은 1.96%, 지질(脂質)은 0.33%, 섬유질(纖維質)은 0.84%, Calcium은 4.54mg%, 철분(鐵分)은 1.19mg%, Thiamine은 0.10mg%가 낮았다. 4) 밀에서는 도정(搗精)한 것이 제분(製粉)한 것에 비(比)해 평균적(平均的)으로 동일(同一)한 가공수율(加工收率)에서 회분(灰分)은 0.28%, 단백질(蛋白質)은 2.25%, 지질(脂質)은 0.05%, 섬유질(纖維質)은 0.25%, Calcium은 4.31mg%, 철분(鐵分)은 0.12mg%, Thiamine은 0.15mg%가 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 2010

This study aimed to determine the optimum dietary crude protein level in a typical diet for fattening pigs fed ad libitum under normal climate conditions in Central Vietnam. One hundred and ninety two gilts of Mong Cai local breed (MC), $F_1$ Large White${\times}$Mong Cai and $F_2$ crossbreds of (Landrace${\times}$Mong Cai)${\times}$Large White were used. At the start of the experiment, Mong Cai pigs weighed 12 kg at 11 weeks of age, $F_1$ pigs 12.1 kg at 8 weeks of age and $F_2$ pigs 12.2 kg at 8 weeks of age. Four diets differing in crude protein (CP) content (10.1, 13.1, 16.1 and 18.9% in DM) were formulated from rice bran, corn meal, cassava meal and fish meal. Calculated digestible energy content of the diets ranged from 13.5 to 13.8 MJ per kg DM. Pigs were housed individually in pens of $2.5\;m^2$ each and had ad libitum access to feed in a trough as well as water in bowls. The final weights after a growing period of 150 days were 66, 86 and 96 kg for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$, respectively. Feed intake of MC pigs was highest at 13.1% CP while $F_1$ and $F_2$ had the highest feed intake at 16.1% CP. The results showed that for MC the maximum gain was obtained at levels between 13 to 16% CP. For the $F_1$ the maximum gain was at dietary protein levels of 16-17%. For $F_2$ the max gain was obtained at CP levels of 16 to 18%. Feed conversion was highest in MC pigs (~4.0) followed by $F_1$ (~3.3) and $F_2$ (~3.1), and within genotypes was lowest at the optimum CP level (p<0.05). Back fat thickness in MC (33.1 mm), $F_1$ (23.0 mm) and $F_2$ (20.5 mm) pigs was different and within genotypes was the lowest at intermediate CP levels. In conclusion, increasing the dietary crude protein contents in practical diets for pigs in Vietnam can increase production on small holder farms. Optimal performance for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$ pigs is achieved at different dietary crude protein contents.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1997

This study was wnducte to investigate the effects of treatment level and seasons of sluny hm bovine feces on the productivity of rye, N efficiency and improvement of soil fertility under the Korean climate condition. The results obtained fiom this study summarized as follows ; 1. The highest dry matter yield of rye was obtained in the partial fertilization of sluny in spring or autumn. There is no differences of dry matter yield between spring and autumn application. 2. With increasing the amount of slurry-N, the dry matter yield of rye was signigicantly increased up to 100Kg sluny Nha. As the level of slurry-N rises above about 100Kg N/ha, the maximal yield of dry matter was unchanged or declined. 3. As the level of sluny fertilization rises, the crude protein content of rye increases significantly. However the contents of crude protein was less affected by the application seasons. 4. The amount of nitrogen which produced 6om rye is dependent upon the level of slurry-N. The highest nitrogen yield of rye was obtained by the partial fertilization of sluny-N. 5. The season or amount of slurry treatments did not affect the organic matter content in soil. N-content in soil was the lowest by the partial fertilization of slurry in spring or autumn. However, N-content was increased with the higher level of sluny-N.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2009

A 10-week feeding trial with four dietary protein levels (22%, 32%, 42% and 52%) and two dietary lipid levels (8% and 17%) was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth of long-nosed barbel fingerlings. Survival rate of fish was not affected by either the dietary protein or the dietary lipid level. Weight gain and feed efficiency were affected by the dietary protein level (P<0.01), but not by the lipid level, and increased with the dietary protein level at the both lipid levels. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the 52% protein diets with 8-17% dietary lipids were not significantly different from those of fish fed the 42% protein diets with 8-17% dietary lipids and 32% protein diet with 17% dietary lipid. Daily feed intake of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or dietary lipid level. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention rate of fish fed the 32% protein diet with 17% dietary lipid were significantly higher than those of fish fed the 52% protein diets with 8-17% dietary lipids. Moisture content of fish fed the diets containing 8% lipid were higher than those of fish fed the diets containing 17% dietary lipid at each protein level. Crude lipid content of fish fed the diets containing 17% dietary lipid were higher than that of fish the fed the diet containing 8% dietary lipid at each protein level. The results of this study indicated that 32% protein and 17% lipid could be the optimum dietary level for growth of juvenile long-nosed barbel.